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Metabolic syndrome, diabetes and atherosclerosis: influence of gene-environment interaction

Maria Grazia Andreassi1

  • 1CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, G. Pasquinucci Hospital, Via Aurelia Sud, Massa, Italy. andreas@ifc.cnr.it

Mutation Research
|November 26, 2008
PubMed

Insights

Gene-environment interactions influence susceptibility to cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Understanding these links can personalize prevention strategies for better cardiovascular risk management.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular disease research
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Diabetes pathogenesis
  • Gene-environment interactions

Background:

  • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality globally, despite diagnostic advances.
  • Metabolic syndrome, characterized by visceral obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, is a key risk factor for type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic CVD.
  • Inter-individual variations in disease susceptibility and onset age suggest a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on gene-environment interactions in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and CVD.
  • To highlight specific genes (e.g., PPAR-gamma, ADH1C, APOE, GSTs) modified by diet and lifestyle.
  • To explore the role of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and environmental toxicants in CVD development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on gene-environment interactions.
  • Analysis of studies examining specific genes (PPAR-gamma, ADH1C, APOE, GSTs) and their modification by diet, alcohol, and smoking.
  • Examination of research on genetic variants of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and environmental toxicants.

Main Results:

  • Certain genes (PPAR-gamma, ADH1C, APOE, GSTs) are significantly influenced by dietary habits, alcohol consumption, and smoking.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding the role of genetic variants in xenobiotic metabolism and their interaction with environmental toxicants in CVD.
  • Individual differences in detoxifying environmental toxicants may play a crucial role in CVD development.

Conclusions:

  • Gene-environment interactions are critical in the development of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and CVD.
  • Further research into environmental toxicants and detoxification pathways is needed for "environmental cardiology".
  • This knowledge is vital for improving cardiovascular risk stratification and developing personalized intervention programs.

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