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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell. Samples for...
IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...
Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview01:11

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

The non-destructive nature and ability to provide valuable chemical information make IR spectroscopy a versatile technique with broad applications in various scientific and industrial fields. IR spectroscopy is commonly used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. It provides information about the functional groups present in a molecule and the bonding between atoms. This helps in the structural elucidation of compounds during organic synthesis, pharmaceutical research,...

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
10:42

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

Published on: March 22, 2019

Waveguide-based single-pixel up-conversion infrared spectrometer.

Qiang Zhang1, Carsten Langrock, M M Fejer

  • 1Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. qiangzh@stanford.edu

Optics Express
|November 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a novel single-pixel infrared spectrometer using periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides. The device achieves significantly higher sensitivity for infrared detection compared to commercial optical spectrum analyzers.

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A Multimodal Wide-Field Fourier-Transform Raman Microscope
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A Multimodal Wide-Field Fourier-Transform Raman Microscope

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Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
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Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

Published on: March 22, 2019

A Multimodal Wide-Field Fourier-Transform Raman Microscope
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Area of Science:

  • Photonics and Optical Engineering
  • Spectroscopy
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Infrared spectroscopy is crucial for material analysis and detection.
  • Existing spectrometers often face limitations in sensitivity and size.
  • Periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) offers unique nonlinear optical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel single-pixel up-conversion infrared spectrometer.
  • To enhance sensitivity in infrared spectral measurements.
  • To leverage PPLN waveguides for efficient optical signal conversion.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a PPLN waveguide.
  • Utilizing sum-frequency generation (SFG) for up-conversion.
  • Employing a scanning pump laser and a silicon single-photon detector.

Main Results:

  • Successful demonstration of a single-pixel up-conversion infrared spectrometer.
  • Generation of visible radiation from infrared signals via SFG.
  • Achieved sensitivity two orders of magnitude higher than commercial optical spectrum analyzers.

Conclusions:

  • The PPLN waveguide-based spectrometer offers a highly sensitive platform for infrared detection.
  • This technology has potential for advanced spectroscopic applications.
  • The up-conversion approach overcomes limitations of direct infrared detection.