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Related Concept Videos

Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...

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Development of Heterogeneous Enantioselective Catalysts using Chiral Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
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Published on: January 17, 2020

Bifunctional catalysts and related complexes: structures and properties.

Douglas B Grotjahn1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA. grotjahn@chemistry.sdsu.edu

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|November 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Bifunctional catalysts, combining metal d electrons with acid/base sites, significantly accelerate reactions like alkyne hydration and alkene isomerization. This work details their structures and properties for enhanced catalytic performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Bifunctional catalysts integrate metal centers with acidic or basic functionalities.
  • These catalysts enable synergistic effects, enhancing reactivity and selectivity.
  • Previous work has shown significant rate accelerations in specific reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight recent advancements in bifunctional catalyst design and application.
  • To explore the relationship between catalyst structure, properties, and performance.
  • To provide insights into catalytic intermediates and related complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on experimental studies from the authors' laboratories.
  • Characterization of bifunctional catalysts and related organometallic complexes.
  • Investigation of reaction mechanisms for alkyne hydration and alkene isomerization.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated rate accelerations of 1000 to 10,000 fold for alkyne hydration and alkene isomerization.
  • Identified key structural features contributing to catalyst efficacy.
  • Characterized novel catalytic intermediates.

Conclusions:

  • Bifunctional catalysts represent a powerful strategy for developing highly active and selective catalytic systems.
  • Understanding the structure-property relationships is crucial for designing next-generation catalysts.
  • Further research into catalytic intermediates will unlock new reactivity patterns.