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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Published on: June 5, 2016

Multiple cognitive control effects of error likelihood and conflict.

Joshua W Brown¹

¹Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. jwmbrown@indiana.edu

Psychological Research

|November 26, 2008

Summary

This study reveals distinct cognitive control effects from error likelihood, separate from response conflict. These findings suggest multiple control mechanisms, challenging single-signal models.

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Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

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A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Neuroscience
Psychology

Background:

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is implicated in performance monitoring, including error detection, conflict monitoring, and error likelihood.
Existing models often propose a single control signal, but diverse monitoring functions suggest potentially multiple distinct control effects.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether error likelihood and response conflict exert independent or interacting cognitive control effects on behavior.
To differentiate control effects associated with the likelihood of premature versus tardy response errors.

Main Methods:

A modified Change signal task was employed to create conditions with and without conflict.
Specific conditions incorporated likely errors due to both premature and tardy responses.

Main Results:

The study successfully discriminated between competing hypotheses regarding conflict and error likelihood control.
Results indicate that error likelihood (premature vs. tardy responses) elicits distinct cognitive control effects.
These error likelihood control effects were found to be independent of control effects driven by response conflict.

Conclusions:

The findings support the existence of multiple, distinct cognitive control mechanisms.
The results challenge current models of cognitive control that rely on a single control signal, advocating for more nuanced frameworks.