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Related Concept Videos

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
Compared to the gated ion channels, the non-gated channels, also known as leakage or passive channels, have no gating mechanism.
Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
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Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors01:41

Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors

Signal sequences are short amino acid sequences that guide newly synthesized proteins to their proper location within the cell. Classical signal sequences are fifteen to sixty amino acids long and present at the N-terminus of a polypeptide chain. Each signal sequence has a conserved segment of basic residues towards their N terminus, a hydrophobic core, and a C-terminus rich in polar residues. The C-terminus also contains a signal cleavage site and features a -3 -1 sequence motif. The -3-1...
Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism

Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...

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Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism
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Gating based on internal/external signals with dynamic correlation updates.

Huanmei Wu1, Qingya Zhao, Ross I Berbeco

  • 1Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University School of Informatics, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN, USA. hw9@iupui.edu

Physics in Medicine and Biology
|November 27, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Hybrid gating improves radiotherapy accuracy for mobile tumors by dynamically updating internal and external surrogate correlations. This method enhances tumor localization, benefiting patients with early-stage lung cancers and reducing imaging dose.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiotherapy Technology
  • Image-Guided Therapy

Background:

  • Precise real-time localization of mobile tumors is crucial for effective radiotherapy.
  • Current gating methods rely on internal surrogates (accurate but high dose) or external surrogates (non-invasive but less accurate).
  • A need exists for a method balancing accuracy, safety, and efficiency in radiotherapy gating.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a hybrid gating approach using dynamic internal/external correlation updates for improved mobile tumor localization.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of two dynamic correlation updating algorithms based on motion amplitude and phase.
  • To analyze the impact of clinical parameters on hybrid gating performance.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a hybrid gating strategy with high-frequency external signal acquisition and sparse internal signal acquisition.
  • Implemented dynamic correlation updating algorithms to refine the relationship between internal and external surrogates.
  • Retrospectively simulated nine patient cases with synchronized motion signals to assess hybrid gating efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Dynamically updating the internal/external correlation reduced false positives in tumor localization.
  • The hybrid approach demonstrated potential for improved treatment efficiency compared to purely external surrogate methods.
  • Performance was influenced by gating window size, internal signal acquisition timing, and frequency.

Conclusions:

  • Hybrid gating with dynamic correlation updates offers a promising solution for accurate and safer radiotherapy of mobile tumors.
  • This technique is particularly beneficial for early-stage lung cancers with freely moving tumors.
  • Further optimization of acquisition parameters can enhance treatment efficiency while maintaining accuracy.