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Related Concept Videos

States of Water01:23

States of Water

Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
Phase Diagram01:24

Phase Diagram

A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
12:37

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

Published on: September 4, 2015

Multiple phases of liquid water.

Ivan Brovchenko1, Alla Oleinikova

  • 1Physical Chemistry, Dortmund University of Technology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund, Germany. ivan.brovchenko@tu-dortmund.de

Chemphyschem : a European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry
|November 27, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Scientists reviewed the history of water anomalies, finding that multiple liquid-liquid transitions in supercooled water explain its behavior across a wide thermodynamic range. This hypothesis aligns with experimental and simulation data.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
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Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Thermodynamics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Water exhibits numerous anomalies, challenging classical liquid theories.
  • Understanding these anomalies is crucial for various scientific and technological applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical study of water's anomalies.
  • To summarize the current understanding of the origins of these anomalies.
  • To discuss the general character of liquid-liquid transitions in fluids.

Main Methods:

  • Historical literature review of water anomaly studies.
  • Analysis of experimental data on water behavior.
  • Examination of molecular simulation results.
  • Theoretical discussion of liquid-liquid transitions.

Main Results:

  • The study traces the historical investigation of water anomalies from the 17th century to the present.
  • The hypothesis of multiple liquid-liquid transitions in supercooled water is presented as a unifying explanation.
  • This hypothesis is supported by existing experimental and simulation data, explaining water's behavior over a broad thermodynamic range.

Conclusions:

  • The multiple liquid-liquid transitions hypothesis provides a robust physical explanation for water's anomalous properties.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the general characteristics of liquid-liquid transitions in fluids.
  • Remaining questions regarding these transitions are formulated for future investigation.