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Related Concept Videos

Cancer02:18

Cancer

Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
What is Cancer?02:12

What is Cancer?

Cells and tissues must meticulously coordinate their activities for the normal functioning of the human body. Therefore, they exhibit socially responsible behavior - resting, growing, dividing, differentiating, or dying - for the organism’s benefit. Cancer arises when cells divide uncontrollably and invade other tissues or organs.
Although people have known about cancer for centuries, it was only in 1761 that Giovanni Morgagni of Padua performed a detailed autopsy of patients who died from...
What is Cancer?02:12

What is Cancer?

Cells and tissues must meticulously coordinate their activities for the normal functioning of the human body. Therefore, they exhibit socially responsible behavior - resting, growing, dividing, differentiating, or dying - for the organism’s benefit. Cancer arises when cells divide uncontrollably and invade other tissues or organs.
Although people have known about cancer for centuries, it was only in 1761 that Giovanni Morgagni of Padua performed a detailed autopsy of patients who died from...
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
Cancer Prevention02:59

Cancer Prevention

Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
Some...

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Laparoscopic Radical Gastrectomy for Remnant Gastric Cancer
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Laparoscopic Radical Gastrectomy for Remnant Gastric Cancer

Published on: October 31, 2025

Cancer issues.

Jo Marsden1, David Sturdee

  • 1King's Breast Care, King's College NHS Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
|November 28, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has complex effects on cancer risk. While combined HRT slightly increases breast cancer risk, unopposed estrogen does not, and both may reduce other cancers like colorectal.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Gynecology

Background:

  • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is widely used by postmenopausal women.
  • Concerns exist regarding HRT's potential to cause cancer, particularly breast cancer.
  • HRT's impact on various cancer types requires careful evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the association between HRT and the risk of developing different types of cancer.
  • To provide evidence-based guidance for postmenopausal women considering HRT.

Main Methods:

  • Review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating HRT and cancer incidence.
  • Analysis of data on combined estrogen-progestogen HRT and unopposed estrogen therapy.
  • Examination of HRT's effects on breast, endometrial, cervical, ovarian, colorectal, lung, and gastric cancers.

Main Results:

  • Combined HRT (5 years) showed 3 extra breast cancer cases per 1000 women; unopposed estrogen showed 4 fewer cases.
  • Short-term combined HRT (≤3 years) and unopposed estrogen (≤5 years) did not significantly increase breast cancer risk.
  • Unopposed estrogen significantly increased endometrial hyperplasia/carcinoma risk; progestogen addition mitigated this.
  • HRT did not influence cervical cancer risk.
  • Epithelial ovarian cancer risk slightly increased with long-term unopposed estrogen.
  • HRT use associated with reduced risk of colorectal, lung, and gastric cancers.
  • Slightly increased risk of gallbladder disease and carcinoma noted with HRT.

Conclusions:

  • The risk of breast cancer is not significantly increased with short-term HRT.
  • Progestogen addition to HRT is crucial for preventing endometrial hyperplasia and cancer.
  • HRT may offer protective effects against several other cancers, including colorectal.
  • Women should weigh the benefits and risks of HRT based on individual health profiles and therapy type.