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Related Concept Videos

Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:21

Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Individuals with Barrett's esophagus are often asymptomatic, but they may experience symptoms commonly associated with GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Additional symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool (which may appear black, tarry, or bloody), and episodes of vomiting.
To diagnose Barrett's esophagus, healthcare providers often recommend an endoscopy for those showing symptoms of acid reflux. The procedure entails...
Irritable Bowel Syndrome II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Irritable Bowel Syndrome II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation

Irritable Bowel Syndrome II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Evaluation
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is classified into subtypes based on the predominant bowel habits as determined by the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS). The subtypes are:
Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations01:20

Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses two major chronic disorders—ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease—each characterized by relapsing episodes of gastrointestinal inflammation. Although they share certain clinical features, their patterns of involvement and manifestations differ in ways that aid diagnosis and guide management.Ulcerative ColitisUlcerative colitis is limited to the colon and rectum and involves continuous inflammation of the mucosal layer. The disease course is marked...
Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction01:24

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of fluid...
Gastritis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Gastritis II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of gastritis begins with the colonization of the stomach lining by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This bacterium spreads mainly via the oral-oral route through saliva or shared utensils, and can also be transmitted in overcrowded or unhygienic environments through contaminated water, despite its brief survival outside the body.ColonizationOnce ingested, H. pylori enters the stomach and begins colonization by navigating through the mucus layer lining the stomach wall. It...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Fingerprinting Cardiolipin in Leukocytes by Mass Spectrometry for a Rapid Diagnosis of Barth Syndrome
06:48

Fingerprinting Cardiolipin in Leukocytes by Mass Spectrometry for a Rapid Diagnosis of Barth Syndrome

Published on: March 23, 2022

Bertolotti's syndrome: a case report.

Raj Mitra1, Mark Carlisle

  • 1Interventional Spine Center, Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., Edwards Bldg., Palo Alto, California 94305, USA. rrmitra@stanford.edu

Pain Practice : the Official Journal of World Institute of Pain
|November 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Intra-articular steroid injections provided significant relief for a patient with Bertolotti's syndrome, suggesting a potential non-surgical treatment option for axial low back pain.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Fingerprinting Cardiolipin in Leukocytes by Mass Spectrometry for a Rapid Diagnosis of Barth Syndrome
06:48

Fingerprinting Cardiolipin in Leukocytes by Mass Spectrometry for a Rapid Diagnosis of Barth Syndrome

Published on: March 23, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Pain management
  • Spine surgery
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Bertolotti's syndrome is a condition characterized by axial low back pain, often linked to arthritic changes.
  • The precise source of pain in Bertolotti's syndrome remains unclear.
  • The transverse process-ilium articulation is a potential, yet unconfirmed, pain generator.

Observation:

  • A case report details a patient experiencing symptomatic Bertolotti's syndrome.
  • The patient's axial low back pain was managed with intra-articular steroid injections.
  • The injections targeted the ilium-transverse process articulation.

Findings:

  • The patient achieved significant relief from axial pain following the steroid injection.
  • This suggests the transverse process-ilium articulation can be a pain generator in Bertolotti's syndrome.

Implications:

  • Intra-articular steroid injections may offer a viable non-surgical treatment alternative for Bertolotti's syndrome.
  • Further research is warranted to confirm the efficacy and long-term outcomes of this treatment approach.
  • This finding could guide future management strategies for patients with similar presentations of low back pain.