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Related Concept Videos

Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
Plasticity00:58

Plasticity

Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay01:27

Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay

The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the brain. Almost all inputs destined for the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory signals, are relayed through the thalamus. The thalamus is  a sophisticated relay station, channeling information from various brain regions to the cerebral cortex, as well as a filter, prioritizing certain signals over others based on current physiological states or needs.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...

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Inducing Long-Term Plasticity of Intrinsic Neuronal Excitability in Neurons of the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
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Striatal plasticity and basal ganglia circuit function.

Anatol C Kreitzer1, Robert C Malenka

  • 1Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. akreitzer@gladstone.ucsf.edu

Neuron
|November 29, 2008
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Summary

The dorsal striatum, a key brain region, is crucial for motor control and memory. Synaptic plasticity within the striatum significantly impacts basal ganglia function and may underlie adaptive motor control.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control Research
  • Synaptic Plasticity

Background:

  • The dorsal striatum, comprising the caudate and putamen, serves as the primary input nucleus of the basal ganglia.
  • It integrates excitatory inputs from the cortex and thalamus, initiating the direct and indirect pathways essential for motor control.
  • The striatum is a significant locus for activity-dependent synaptic plasticity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of synaptic plasticity within the dorsal striatum.
  • To explore the role of striatal plasticity in the normal functioning (physiology) of the basal ganglia.
  • To examine the involvement of striatal plasticity in basal ganglia disorders (pathophysiology).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on striatal plasticity.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the basal ganglia's direct and indirect pathways.
  • Synthesis of findings related to adaptive motor control and procedural memory.

Main Results:

  • Striatal plasticity modulates information flow through basal ganglia circuits.
  • This plasticity is a critical neural substrate for motor learning and procedural memory.
  • Dysregulation of striatal plasticity is implicated in basal ganglia dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • Synaptic plasticity in the dorsal striatum is fundamental to basal ganglia function.
  • Understanding striatal plasticity is key to elucidating mechanisms of motor control and memory.
  • Targeting striatal plasticity may offer therapeutic potential for basal ganglia disorders.