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Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

Bone Markings

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...

Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

$Autologous Microfractured and Purified Adipose Tissue for Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus$

Autologous Microfractured and Purified Adipose Tissue for Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus

Published on: January 23, 2018

Osteochondral lesions about the ankle.

Ketan N Naran¹, Adam C Zoga

¹Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 132 South 10th Street, 10 Main, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.

Radiologic Clinics of North America

|November 29, 2008

Summary

Osteochondral lesions (OCLs) of the foot and ankle cause persistent pain after ankle sprains. Imaging like MRI and CT helps determine if these lesions are stable or unstable.

Area of Science:

Orthopedic imaging
Musculoskeletal radiology

Background:

Osteochondral lesions (OCLs) in the foot and ankle commonly result from trauma, such as ankle sprains.
These lesions often lead to prolonged joint pain unresponsive to conservative treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the diagnostic process for osteochondral lesions (OCLs) of the foot and ankle.
To emphasize the importance of differentiating stable from unstable OCLs.

Main Methods:

Noncontrast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the primary diagnostic tool for OCLs.
Direct MR arthrography and multidetector computed tomography (CT) can provide further detail for complex or equivocal cases.

Main Results:

Noncontrast MR imaging is the standard for diagnosing and classifying OCLs.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

$Autologous Microfractured and Purified Adipose Tissue for Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus$

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Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

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Establishment and Evaluation of a Sheep Model of Full-thickness Osteochondral Defect

Establishment and Evaluation of a Sheep Model of Full-thickness Osteochondral Defect

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Advanced imaging techniques like MR arthrography and CT aid in evaluating difficult OCL cases.

Determining lesion stability is a critical aspect of the imaging assessment.

Conclusions:

Accurate diagnosis and classification of foot and ankle osteochondral lesions are crucial.
Utilizing advanced imaging modalities improves diagnostic specificity for challenging OCLs.
Assessing the stability of an osteochondral lesion is essential for guiding treatment decisions.