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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

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Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Unit Cells

A crystal's internal structure is an orderly array of atoms, ions, or molecules, and the details of this array significantly influence the solid's properties. In a crystal, periodically repeating 'structural motifs' - which could be atoms, molecules, or groups thereof - create a 'space lattice.' This is essentially a three-dimensional, infinite array of points, each surrounded by its neighbors in an identical way, forming the basic structure of the crystal.A 'unit cell' is a theoretical...
Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
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Crystal Field Theory
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CFT focuses on...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups
08:15

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

Published on: February 11, 2012

A cryptand-encapsulated germanium(II) dication.

Paul A Rupar1, Viktor N Staroverov, Kim M Baines

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|November 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers synthesized a stable germanium(II) dication using a cryptand ligand. This finding expands the possibilities for stabilizing unusual nonmetal cations in chemistry.

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Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition
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Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

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Published on: February 11, 2012

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Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition
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Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition

Published on: July 26, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Coordination Chemistry

Background:

  • Oxidized silicon and germanium centers typically need strong covalent ligands for stability.
  • Nonmetallic cations are challenging to synthesize and stabilize due to their high reactivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a germanium(II) dication.
  • To investigate the stabilizing role of cryptand ligands for nonmetal cations.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a germanium(II) dication salt using cryptand [2.2.2] and an N-heterocyclic carbene complex of GeCl(O3SCF3).
  • Isolation and purification of the resulting salt.
  • X-ray crystallography to determine the crystal structure and bonding interactions.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized and isolated the germanium(II) dication salt, (Ge.cryptand[2.2.2])(O3SCF3)2, in 88% yield.
  • The crystal structure revealed minimal interaction between the germanium(II) ion and triflate counterions, indicating effective encapsulation.
  • The compound was isolated as an air-sensitive, white solid.

Conclusions:

  • Cryptand ligands can effectively stabilize unusual germanium(II) dications.
  • This work broadens the scope of cryptands and related molecules in stabilizing nonmetallic cations.
  • The findings open new avenues for exploring novel inorganic compounds with unique electronic properties.