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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Quantifying Pain Location and Intensity with Multimodal Pain Body Diagrams
Published on: July 7, 2023
Development of the Samuels Scale to rate pain management documentation
Joanne G Samuels1, Susan Fetzer
1University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA. joanne.samuels@unh.edu
Abstract:
Charting deficits and nominal-level data create difficulties when rating pain management documentation (PMD) quality. Researchers developed an interval level rating scale using Q-methodology. Pain entries (340), sorted into patterns, were rank ordered by nine pain management experts and distributed across a 7-point scale. Rankings demonstrated agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient = .96). One factor explained 77.19% of the variance. Reliability and validity were supported. Interval level data enable more robust testing of interventions to improve PMD outcomes.
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