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Physiological Control of Respiration

Physiological Control of Respiration

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Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits. Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
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Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers

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Acute Respiratory Failure-II

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Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
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Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration

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The neurogenic control of respiration coordinates various neural networks and pathways to regulate breathing rate and depth, meeting the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange requirements. This system adapts to physiological and environmental conditions, ensuring optimal breathing patterns.
Central Control
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Videomorphometric Analysis of Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction of Intra-pulmonary Arteries Using Murine Precision Cut Lung Slices

Videomorphometric Analysis of Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction of Intra-pulmonary Arteries Using Murine Precision Cut Lung Slices

Published on: January 14, 2014

Regulation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction: basic mechanisms.

N Sommer¹, A Dietrich, R T Schermuly

¹University of Giessen Lung Center, Medical Clinic II/V, Justus-Liebig- University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.

The European Respiratory Journal

|December 2, 2008

Summary

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is a vital response to low oxygen, but its exact mechanisms remain unclear. Understanding HPV pathways is crucial for treating conditions like pulmonary hypertension and hypoxemia.

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Videomorphometric Analysis of Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction of Intra-pulmonary Arteries Using Murine Precision Cut Lung Slices

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Published on: November 2, 2015

Area of Science:

Physiology
Pulmonary Medicine
Cardiovascular Research

Background:

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV), or the von Euler-Liljestrand mechanism, is a critical physiological response to alveolar hypoxia.
Impaired HPV can lead to hypoxemia, while chronic hypoxia causes pulmonary hypertension due to vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the fundamental mechanisms of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV).
To outline current concepts and ongoing debates regarding the regulation of HPV.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on the physiological and molecular pathways of HPV.
Analysis of proposed oxygen-sensing mechanisms, including mitochondria and NADPH oxidases.
Examination of effector pathways involving ion channels and intracellular signaling molecules.

Main Results:

The precise oxygen-sensing and signaling pathways for HPV are not fully understood.
Key components implicated include L-type calcium channels, potassium channels, mitochondria, NADPH oxidases, and reactive oxygen species.
The roles of calcium sensitization and intracellular calcium stores are subjects of ongoing investigation.

Conclusions:

Despite decades of research, the complete pathway of HPV remains elusive.
Further investigation into oxygen sensing, effector mechanisms, and signaling mediators is necessary.
Clarifying HPV mechanisms is essential for addressing associated respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.