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Related Concept Videos

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

Notch Signaling Pathway

The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
The Notch gene came into the limelight in 1914 after the discovery that its mutation in Drosophila melanogaster leads to a serrated (or "notched") wing margin phenotype. It was not until 1985...
Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

Notch Signaling Pathway

The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
The Notch gene came into the limelight in 1914 after the discovery that its mutation in Drosophila melanogaster leads to a serrated (or "notched") wing margin phenotype. It was not until 1985...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Visualizing Angiogenesis by Multiphoton Microscopy In Vivo in Genetically Modified 3D-PLGA/nHAp Scaffold for Calvarial Critical Bone Defect Repair
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[Optimization of signaling pathways for bone regeneration].

Naoshi Ogata1, Ung-il Chung, Yuichi Tei

  • 1The University of Tokyo, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Bone and Cartilage Regeneration, Japan.

Clinical Calcium
|December 2, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created a new system to monitor bone formation using mouse stem cells. They found that combining specific genes, constitutively active activin receptor-like kinase 6 (caALK6) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), effectively triggers osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Visualizing Angiogenesis by Multiphoton Microscopy In Vivo in Genetically Modified 3D-PLGA/nHAp Scaffold for Calvarial Critical Bone Defect Repair
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Published on: September 7, 2017

Site-Directed Immobilization of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 to Solid Surfaces by Click Chemistry
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Site-Directed Immobilization of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 to Solid Surfaces by Click Chemistry

Published on: March 29, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Osteogenic differentiation is crucial for bone formation and regeneration.
  • Monitoring this process efficiently is key to developing new therapeutic strategies.
  • Existing methods may lack specificity or require complex procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel ES cell-based monitoring system for osteogenic differentiation.
  • To identify a potent combination of osteogenic genes that can induce differentiation.
  • To establish a foundation for advanced bone regeneration therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation of ES cells from transgenic mice expressing GFP under the rat type I collagen alpha1 promoter.
  • Screening of cDNA libraries and combinations of major osteogenesis-related genes.
  • Utilizing a reporter system to quantify GFP expression as a readout for osteogenesis.

Main Results:

  • A potent combination of osteogenic genes was identified.
  • The minimal gene combination that induced GFP expression was constitutively active activin receptor-like kinase 6 (caALK6) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2).
  • This combination serves as an effective indicator for osteogenic differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed ES cell-based system provides a robust method for monitoring osteogenic differentiation.
  • The identified caALK6 and Runx2 gene combination is a potent tool for inducing bone formation.
  • These findings offer a promising avenue for enhancing bone regeneration strategies.