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Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia
10:05

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

Published on: January 27, 2018

Motion analysis in cervical dystonia.

Cristina Boccagni1, Jacopo Carpaneto, Silvestro Micera

  • 1Department of Rehabilitation, Fondazione Istituto San Raffaele-G. Giglio, Cefalù (PA), Italy.

Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
|December 2, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Fastrack motion analysis system accurately detects subtle kinematic abnormalities in cervical dystonia (CD) patients. This technology reveals significant impairments in rest posture and voluntary movements, aiding in better CD management.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia
10:05

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

Published on: January 27, 2018

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia
10:41

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia

Published on: September 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Biomechanics
  • Medical Technology

Background:

  • Cervical dystonia (CD) is a neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions in the neck.
  • Clinical evaluations may not fully capture the complex kinematic alterations in CD patients.
  • Objective, quantitative measures are needed to better understand and manage CD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the utility of a motion analysis system (Fastrack) for evaluating kinematic features in cervical dystonia.
  • To compare kinematic data between CD patients and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Fastrack motion analysis system for kinematic evaluation.
  • Studied 15 patients with cervical dystonia and 10 healthy subjects.
  • Analyzed posture at rest and voluntary movements.

Main Results:

  • Cervical dystonia patients exhibited impaired posture in all planes at rest.
  • Kinematic evaluation identified complex dystonic patterns in over 90% of CD patients, compared to 20% in clinical evaluation.
  • Voluntary movements showed reduced range of motion and increased execution time, particularly when moving towards the non-affected side.

Conclusions:

  • The Fastrack system is a sensitive tool for the kinematic evaluation of cervical dystonia.
  • Provides valuable quantitative data on rest position and movement abnormalities in CD.
  • May enhance the clinical management of cervical dystonia through objective assessment.