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π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Radical01:27

π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Radical

Allyl radicals are three-carbon conjugated systems. They are readily formed as intermediates in halogenation reactions of alkenes involving the addition of halogen to the allylic carbon instead of the double bond. As seen in allyl cations and anions, each of the three sp2-hybridized carbon atoms in allyl radicals has an unhybridized p orbital. These orbitals combine to give three π molecular orbitals.
The allyl systems have identical molecular orbitals but differ in the number of π electrons.
π Molecular Orbitals of the Allyl Cation and Anion01:18

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An allyl group is a three-carbon conjugated system where the sp³-hybridized allylic carbon is bonded to a CH=CH2 group via a single bond. Allyl anions can be obtained by treating propene with a strong base that can deprotonate methyl groups. Allyl cations are formed as intermediates during substitution reactions involving allylic halides. In both cases, the hybridization of the allylic carbon changes from sp3 to sp2, giving rise to a carbon chain with three sp2-hybridized carbons, each with an...
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Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the aerosol...
Reduced Mass Coordinates: Isolated Two-body Problem01:12

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The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession, and the angular frequency...

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Full orbit calculation for lost alpha particle measurement on ITER.

D Funaki1, M Isobe, M Nishiura

  • 1Department of Quantum Energy Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan. dan.funaki@ppl2.qse.tohoku.ac.jp

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|December 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary

A new code simulates escaping alpha particle orbits in ITER, finding that probes recessed from the first wall can detect particles lost through direct orbit loss and banana diffusion.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Fusion Engineering
  • Plasma Physics
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Understanding energetic particle behavior is crucial for fusion reactor design.
  • Alpha particles produced during fusion reactions can escape the plasma confinement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a code for simulating escaping alpha particle orbits in ITER.
  • To identify optimal geometric arrangements for detecting these particles.
  • To assess the impact of first wall geometry on particle detection.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an orbit following code incorporating full gyromotion.
  • Utilized the ITER magnetic field configuration and detailed first wall geometry.
  • Simulated alpha particle trajectories escaping the plasma.
  • Investigated blanket module modifications for effective detection geometry.

Main Results:

  • The code successfully modeled alpha particle orbits and their interaction with the first wall.
  • Determined that escaping alpha particles can reach detection points without intersecting the first wall.
  • Identified specific blanket module modifications that enhance detection geometry.
  • Calculations confirmed that direct orbit loss and banana diffusion are detectable with recessed probes.

Conclusions:

  • The developed code is a valuable tool for analyzing escaping alpha particle behavior in ITER.
  • Recessed probe heads offer a viable method for detecting direct orbit loss and banana diffusion.
  • Optimized first wall and blanket module configurations are essential for effective alpha particle diagnostics.