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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...

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Transient ordering in a quasi-two-dimensional binary liquid near freezing.

Alice Shu-Yao Sheu1, Stuart A Rice

  • 1Department of Chemistry and the James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|December 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Locally ordered fluctuations in quasi-two-dimensional binary hard sphere mixtures were studied. Smaller spheres can suppress these fluctuations due to unfavorable entropy changes from demixing.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Statistical Mechanics

Background:

  • Understanding liquid-state behavior is crucial for materials design.
  • Locally ordered fluctuations influence phase transitions in hard sphere systems.
  • Quasi-two-dimensional systems offer a unique platform to study these phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically investigate locally ordered fluctuations in quasi-2D binary hard sphere mixtures.
  • To analyze the impact of sphere size ratio, density, and concentration on fluctuation symmetry.
  • To compare findings with one-component systems and identify differences.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical study using aperture cross-correlation function.
  • Simulation of quasi-2D binary hard sphere mixtures with varying parameters.
  • Analysis of structured fluctuations (hexagonal and square symmetries) in the liquid phase.

Main Results:

  • Structured fluctuations with hexagonal and square symmetries exist in the liquid phase below freezing density.
  • Fluctuation symmetry correlates with the symmetry of the resulting solid phase.
  • The presence of smaller spheres can suppress structured fluctuations.

Conclusions:

  • Binary hard sphere mixtures exhibit similarities and differences in structured fluctuations compared to one-component systems.
  • Smaller spheres' impact on fluctuations is attributed to entropy changes from demixing.
  • Findings provide insights into the fundamental behavior of dense liquid mixtures.