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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

Separation of Sister Chromatids

At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...
Meiosis II02:02

Meiosis II

Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
The timing and cell division patterns of meiosis differ between males and females. In male meiosis, the centrosomes are part of the formation of the meiotic spindle. However, in oocytes, including that of humans, Drosophila,...
Meiosis II01:57

Meiosis II

Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each containing...
The Contractile Ring02:15

The Contractile Ring

Contractile rings are composed of microfilaments and are responsible for separating the daughter cells during cytokinesis. Contractile ring assembly proceeds along with other cell cycle events; however, very few mechanistic details are known about the timing and coordination of the contractile rings with the cell cycle.
A small GTPase, RhoA, controls the function and assembly of the contractile ring. RhoA belongs to the Ras superfamily of proteins. The activation of formins by RhoA promotes...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis
08:33

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

Published on: December 5, 2017

Synchronization, phase locking, and metachronal wave formation in ciliary chains.

Thomas Niedermayer1, Bruno Eckhardt, Peter Lenz

  • 1Fachbereich Physik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany.

Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)
|December 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary

We found that cilia synchronization and wave formation are driven by their movement on circular paths. This hydrodynamic interaction is key for coordinated ciliary beating and metachronal wave generation.

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Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis
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Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

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Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo
08:00

Observation of the Ciliary Movement of Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Ex Vivo

Published on: July 13, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Mathematical Modeling

Background:

  • Cilia are microscopic hair-like structures found on cell surfaces.
  • Coordinated ciliary beating generates fluid flow and propels microorganisms or substances.
  • Understanding synchronization mechanisms is crucial for explaining biological phenomena like mucus clearance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analytically and numerically investigate synchronization and wave formation in one-dimensional ciliary arrays.
  • To develop a simplified yet accurate model for ciliary motion.
  • To elucidate the role of hydrodynamic interactions in ciliary coordination.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a simplified model describing beating cilia as phase oscillators with variable radial trajectories.
  • Analytical treatment of collective effects in ciliary motion.
  • Numerical simulations to study synchronization transitions and wave formation.

Main Results:

  • A variable radial degree of freedom in ciliary motion is essential for hydrodynamically induced synchronization.
  • The model successfully describes the transition to synchronized and phase-locked states between neighboring cilia.
  • Formation of metachronal waves in ciliary chains was observed and analyzed under various boundary conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrodynamic interactions, particularly the radial motion of cilia, are critical drivers of synchronization.
  • The simplified phase oscillator model provides fundamental insights into collective ciliary dynamics.
  • This study advances the understanding of metachronal wave generation, relevant to biological transport processes.