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Related Concept Videos

Echo01:06

Echo

The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
Imagine the sound is reflected back to the ears. Assuming that the source is very close to the human, the difference between hearing the two sounds—the emitted sound and the reflected sound—may be more than the minimum time for perceiving distinct sounds. If this is the case, then the...
Sound Waves: Interference00:53

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
Interference: Path Lengths01:10

Interference: Path Lengths

Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
Two special sources may be considered when they are in phase. This can be easily achieved by feeding the two sources from the same source. An example would be synchronizing the two speakers by feeding them with the same source, such as the sound waves produced by a tuning fork. This setup ensures that the two sources have the same frequency and are...
Polar Coordinates: Problem Solving01:27

Polar Coordinates: Problem Solving

Directional radiation patterns are central to antenna analysis, as they illustrate how signal strength varies with direction. These patterns are often modeled using polar plots, where the radial distance from the origin represents signal intensity at a given angle. A commonly used idealized form is the four-lobed rose curve, which captures the concept of directional beams in a simplified mathematical form.The four-lobed rose curve, described by r = cos⁡(2θ), features four symmetric lobes, each...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...

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Related Experiment Video

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Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
11:34

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Published on: July 1, 2019

Acoustical scattering by radially stratified scatterers.

Liang-Wu Cai1, José Sánchez-Dehesa

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|December 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary

A new recursive method analyzes acoustical scattering from multilayered cylinders. This method reveals that a cooling tube can act as a gradient-index lens, focusing sound into a collimated beam instead of creating a shadow.

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Area of Science:

  • Acoustics
  • Wave Scattering
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Analyzing acoustical scattering from complex structures is crucial for various applications.
  • Existing methods may face challenges with multilayered or continuously varying properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a recursive solution for acoustical scattering by multilayer concentric circular cylinders.
  • To explore the computational aspects and validate the proposed methodology.
  • To investigate novel acoustic phenomena arising from such structures.

Main Methods:

  • A recursive solution procedure based on multiple scattering in single-scatterer methodology.
  • Extension of dual-layer scatterer solutions to arbitrary multilayer systems.
  • Validation through extensive testing and exploration of computational characteristics.

Main Results:

  • The recursive procedure effectively analyzes multilayered cylindrical scatterers.
  • The method can approximate scatterers with continuously varying radial properties.
  • A cooling tube was observed to form a collimated beam, not a shadow, due to gradient-index lensing.

Conclusions:

  • The developed recursive method offers an efficient approach for acoustical scattering analysis.
  • The gradient-index lensing effect around a cooling tube demonstrates a unique acoustic phenomenon.
  • This research opens possibilities for controlling sound propagation with engineered structures.