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Related Concept Videos

Dosage Compensation02:50

Dosage Compensation

In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
In addition to sexual development, the X chromosome has genes involved in autosomal functions such as brain development and the immune system. Therefore, males and females with  distinct numbers of X chromosomes will have...
X-linked Traits01:19

X-linked Traits

In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
X-linked Traits01:19

X-linked Traits

In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development01:30

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size. Today,...
The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...

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Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Sex differences in past tense overregularization.

Evan Kidd1, Jarrad A G Lum

  • 1School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, UK. jarrad.lum@deakin.edu.au

Developmental Science
|December 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study found no sex differences in past-tense overregularization errors in children. Instead, verb characteristics, not gender, best predicted errors, challenging previous findings.

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Previous research suggested girls exhibit more past tense overregularization errors than boys.
  • This finding was interpreted as support for the Declarative/Procedural model of language acquisition.
  • The Declarative/Procedural model is a neuropsychological parallel to dual-route models of language processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sex differences in past tense overregularization errors in children.
  • To examine the relationship between overregularization rates and declarative memory and non-verbal intelligence.
  • To re-evaluate the findings of Hartshorne and Ullman (2006) using experimental data.

Main Methods:

  • An experimental past tense elicitation task was administered to 80 children (40 males, 40 females) aged 5-7.
  • Participants also completed tests of declarative memory and non-verbal intelligence.
  • Verb-specific features were analyzed as potential predictors of overregularization.

Main Results:

  • No significant sex differences were found in past tense overregularization rates.
  • Declarative memory and non-verbal intelligence did not predict overregularization.
  • Item-level features of the verbs (e.g., phonological properties) were the strongest predictors of overregularization errors.

Conclusions:

  • Experimental data contradict previous naturalistic findings regarding sex differences in overregularization.
  • Verb characteristics, rather than child's sex, are key factors in past tense overregularization.
  • Results contribute to the ongoing debate regarding single versus dual routes in past tense acquisition.