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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

A Model for Perineural Invasion in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Published on: January 5, 2017
Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes in patients with carcinoid
M Tschernatsch1, C Dierkes, T Gerriets
1Department of Neurology, Justus-Liebig- University, Am Steg 14, 35385 Giessen, Germany.
Background:
Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) are mainly associated with small-cell lung cancer, gynaecological tumours and lymphomas. Few studies report the association of neurological syndromes with a carcinoid, the majority being a serotonin-related myopathy. We report four patients with a PNS associated with carcinoid.
Patients And Results:
The clinical syndromes were sensory neuropathy, limbic encephalitis, myelopathy and brain stem encephalitis. Two patients had antineuronal autoantibodies (one anti-Hu, one anti-Yo), one patient had antinuclear antibodies, and one patient had no autoantibodies. For two of the carcinoids, expression of HuD in the tumour could be demonstrated.
Conclusion:
This study demonstrates that carcinoids can also be associated with classical antineuronal antibody-associated PNS.
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