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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination
Published on: September 25, 2014
T serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibilities of group A streptococcus isolates from pediatric pharyngotonsillitis
Keiji Funahashi1, Kazumasa Nakane, Naoko Yasuda
1Department of Clinical Laboratory, Konan Kosei Hospital, Aichi, Japan. k-funahashi@konan.jaaikosei.or.jp
Abstract:
Group A streptococcus (GAS) is a major cause of pediatric pharyngotonsillitis. In this study we determined the T serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility of GAS isolates from Japanese children. From January to December 2006, a total of 438 isolates of GAS were obtained from pharyngeal swabs of 438 children with pharyngotonsillitis. The commonest T serotype was type 1 (110 strains, 25.1%), followed by type 12 (107, 24.4%) and type 4 (77, 17.6%). All GAS isolated from pharyngeal swabs were susceptible to beta-lactams (benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, panipenem, and cefditoren) and vancomycin, but 19.6, 19.6, 3.2, 11.6, and 27.6% were resistant to erythromycin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, minocycline, and norfloxacin, respectively. Resistance varied considerably with the T serotype. In particular, type 4 isolates had the highest resistance (67.5, 67.5, 26.0, and 53.2% were resistant to erythromycin, clarithromycin, minocycline, and norfloxacin, respectively).
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Streptococcal Pharyngitis
Acute Pharyngitis
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
Tonsillitis I: Introduction
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
Tonsillitis II: Management
Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence
Chronic Pharyngitis
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
