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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral stimuli,...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.

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Pituitary-hormone secretion by thyrotropinomas.

Ferdinand Roelfsema1, Simon Kok, Petra Kok

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2 NL2333ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands. f.roelfsema@lumc.nl

Pituitary
|December 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Thyrotropinomas (TSH-secreting pituitary tumors) show altered hormone secretion patterns, similar to other pituitary adenomas. These tumors can disrupt growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) regulation, even without obvious clinical symptoms.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pituitary Gland Research

Background:

  • Hormone secretion by pituitary adenomas like somatotropinomas, corticotropinomas, and prolactinomas is characterized by increased pulse frequency, basal secretion, and irregularity.
  • The impact of thyrotropinomas (TSH-secreting tumors) on the secretion of other pituitary hormones, such as growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL), is not fully understood.
  • Increased GH or PRL concentrations are found in some thyrotropinoma patients, potentially causing acromegaly or sexual dysfunction beyond TSH-induced hyperthyroidism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the secretion patterns of thyrotropin (TSH), growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL) in patients with thyrotropinomas.
  • To compare hormone secretion dynamics between patients and healthy controls using advanced analytical tools.
  • To investigate the relationship and synchrony between TSH, GH, and PRL secretion in the context of thyrotropinomas.

Main Methods:

  • 24-hour blood sampling at 10-minute intervals from 6 patients with thyrotropinomas and controls.
  • Analysis using deconvolution, approximate entropy (ApEn), cross-approximate entropy (Cross-ApEn), cross-correlation, and cosinor regression.
  • Assessment of TSH, GH, and PRL secretion dynamics, including burst frequency, basal secretion, regularity, diurnal rhythm, and inter-hormone synchrony.

Main Results:

  • TSH secretion in patients showed increased burst frequency, basal secretion, and irregularity, yet preserved diurnal rhythm with a phase delay.
  • GH secretion and IGF-I levels were elevated in some patients, with significant cross-correlation between GH and TSH.
  • PRL secretion was elevated in one patient, and all patients exhibited significant cross-correlation with TSH and reduced PRL regularity; TSH-PRL synchrony was decreased.

Conclusions:

  • TSH secretion in thyrotropinomas shares characteristics with other pituitary hormone-secreting adenomas, indicating tumoral transformation of thyrotrope lineage cells.
  • Thyrotropinomas can lead to abnormalities in GH and PRL secretion, including decreased regularity or overt hypersecretion, which may not always be clinically apparent.
  • The findings highlight complex interactions between TSH, GH, and PRL regulation in the presence of TSH-secreting pituitary tumors.