Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cellular nucleic acid-binding protein (CNBP) dependent cytokine programming shapes host defense against <i>Plasmodium</i> infection.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Multicenter Evaluation of an Edge-to-Edge Repair System in High-Risk Patients With Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation.

Structural heart : the journal of the Heart Team·2026
Same author

Associations of plant-based diets with all-cause and cause-specific mortality and life expectancy among participants with cardiometabolic disorders from UK, US, and China.

European journal of preventive cardiology·2026
Same author

Social Disconnection, Genetic Risk, and the Incidence of Degenerative Valvular Heart Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Journal of the American Heart Association·2026
Same author

MARCH1 Deletion Attenuates HFpEF by Promoting Adipose Beiging.

Comprehensive Physiology·2026
Same author

The Prevalence and Consequences of Supra-Normal Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Pediatric Solid Organ Transplants: A Single Center Cohort.

Transplantation proceedings·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection
10:39

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

Published on: November 27, 2014

MyD88 intrinsically regulates CD4 T-cell responses.

Shenghua Zhou1, Evelyn A Kurt-Jones, Anna M Cerny

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, 01605, USA.

Journal of Virology
|December 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is crucial for CD4(+) T-cell responses to viral infections. MyD88 deficiency in T cells prevents wasting disease and impairs viral immunity, highlighting its role in acquired immunity.

More Related Videos

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses
10:13

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

Published on: May 6, 2019

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.
08:11

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Published on: September 1, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection
10:39

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

Published on: November 27, 2014

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses
10:13

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

Published on: May 6, 2019

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.
08:11

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Published on: September 1, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is a key adaptor protein in innate immunity signaling pathways, including Toll-like receptor, IL-1 receptor, and IL-18 receptor signaling.
  • While MyD88's role in innate immunity against microbial pathogens is established, its function in acquired immunity to viral infections and neuropathogenesis remains less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of MyD88 in the CD4(+) T-cell response and neuropathogenesis following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection.
  • To elucidate the specific contribution of MyD88 within CD4(+) T cells to viral immunity and disease development.

Main Methods:

  • Intracranial infection of wild-type (WT) and MyD88 knockout (KO) mice with LCMV.
  • Analysis of CD4(+) T-cell responses, including differentiation and activation, in WT and KO mice.
  • Assessment of neuropathogenesis, such as wasting disease, in infected mice.
  • Experimental reconstitution of MyD88 KO CD4(+) T cells with MyD88-expressing lentivirus.

Main Results:

  • WT mice developed CD4(+) T-cell-mediated wasting disease after LCMV infection, whereas MyD88 KO mice did not.
  • MyD88 deficiency in CD4(+) T cells prevented the development of LCMV-specific CD4 T cells and subsequent wasting disease.
  • MyD88 KO antigen-presenting cells could activate WT CD4(+) T cells, indicating the defect lies within the T cells.
  • Restoring MyD88 expression in KO CD4(+) T cells rescued their ability to respond to LCMV infection and support antibody production.

Conclusions:

  • MyD88 signaling within CD4(+) T cells plays a critical, previously unrecognized role in regulating the adaptive immune response to viral infections.
  • MyD88-dependent CD4(+) T-cell responses are essential for viral immunopathology, including wasting disease, in the central nervous system.
  • These findings reveal a novel function of MyD88 in acquired immunity and viral neuropathogenesis, distinct from its known role in innate immunity.