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Related Concept Videos

Relative Stabilities of Alkenes01:59

Relative Stabilities of Alkenes

The relative stability of alkenes can be determined by comparing their heats of hydrogenation. The lower heat of hydrogenation indicates the more stable alkene.  The three main factors determining the relative stability of alkenes are i) the number of substituents attached to the double-bond carbon atoms, ii) hyperconjugation, and iii) the stereochemistry of the double bond.
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds01:14

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds

In aromatic compounds, such as benzene, the circulation of (4n + 2) π-electrons sets up a diamagnetic or diatropic ring current around the perimeter of the molecule. This current induces a magnetic field that opposes the external field inside the ring and reinforces it on the outside. The protons in benzene are deshielded and exhibit high chemical shifts in the range 6.5–8.5 ppm. The shielding effect at the center of the ring is evident in complex aromatic molecules, such as annulenes. In...
Frost Circles for Different Conjugated Systems01:18

Frost Circles for Different Conjugated Systems

The inscribed polygon method is consistent with Hückel’s 4n + 2 rule and helps to learn whether the given cyclic compound is aromatic or not. The compound is stable and aromatic if every bonding molecular orbital (MO) is completely filled with a pair of electrons. However, if the non-bonding or antibonding orbitals are filled with electrons, the compound is unstable and not aromatic. Consider the Frost circle diagrams for cycloalkenes containing 4 to 8 carbons.
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes02:30

Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes

This lesson discusses the stability of substituted cyclohexanes with a focus on energies of various conformers and the effect of 1,3-diaxial interactions.
The two chair conformations of cyclohexanes undergo rapid interconversion at room temperature. Both forms have identical energies and stabilities, each comprising equal amounts of the equilibrium mixture. Replacing a hydrogen atom with a functional group makes the two conformations energetically non-equivalent.
For example, in...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this process,...

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High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
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Al(n)Bi clusters: transitions between aromatic and jellium stability.

Charles E Jones1, Andre Z Clayborne, J Ulises Reveles

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
|December 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Bismuth-doped aluminum clusters, Al(3)Bi and Al(5)Bi, exhibit unique stability. Al(3)Bi shows aromatic properties, while Al(5)Bi demonstrates Jellium shell closing, advancing cluster-assembled materials research.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
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Published on: October 31, 2019

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
06:26

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

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Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding the stability and electronic properties of doped metal clusters is crucial for designing novel materials.
  • Bismuth-doped aluminum clusters represent a new frontier in cluster science, potentially exhibiting unique bonding and electronic characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally and theoretically investigate the stability and electronic structure of bismuth-doped aluminum clusters (Al(n)Bi, n=1-5).
  • To elucidate the bonding mechanisms governing the stability of these all-metal clusters.
  • To explore the potential of these clusters as building blocks for advanced materials.

Main Methods:

  • Negative ion photodetachment spectroscopy to probe electronic states of Al(n)Bi(-) anions.
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to determine structural, electronic, and energetic properties.
  • Analysis of molecular orbitals in relation to aromaticity and Jellium models.

Main Results:

  • Identified two particularly stable clusters: Al(3)Bi and Al(5)Bi.
  • Al(3)Bi exhibits a cyclic, planar structure with aromatic electronic characteristics (14 valence electrons).
  • Al(5)Bi displays a compact structure with stability derived from Jellium electronic shell closing (20 valence electrons).

Conclusions:

  • The electronic structures of Al(3)Bi and Al(5)Bi can be explained by aromatic and Jellium models, respectively.
  • Stable all-metal clusters can be formed using aromatic bonding, extending the concept of superatoms.
  • These findings pave the way for cluster-assembled materials incorporating aromatic building blocks.