Human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion presenting with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: a case...

Area of Science:

• Neurology
• Infectious Diseases
• Immunology

Background:

• Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is linked to various neurological conditions.
• Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), particularly acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), is a rare neurological manifestation of acute HIV.
• Limited data exists on the frequency, management, and outcomes of AIDP in acute HIV infection.

Purpose of the Study:

• To present a case of Guillain-Barré syndrome presenting as acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy in a patient with acute HIV infection.
• To highlight the importance of considering HIV testing in patients with unusual neurological presentations.
• To discuss the management and outcomes of this rare condition.

Main Methods:

• Case report of a 30-year-old male diagnosed with HIV during acute seroconversion.
• Diagnostic confirmation through cerebrospinal fluid analysis and nerve conduction studies.
• Treatment involved intravenous immunoglobulin and highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART).

Main Results:

• The patient presented with Guillain-Barré syndrome (acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy).
• Rapid clinical deterioration was observed.
• Complete symptom resolution occurred within nine weeks of treatment initiation.

Conclusions:

• Unusual neurological symptoms in previously healthy individuals warrant HIV testing.
• Early intervention with HAART, ensuring central nervous system penetration, is crucial.
• Combination therapy including intravenous immunoglobulin and HAART can be effective for managing GBS in acute HIV.