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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-lasting respiratory condition requiring continuous attention and care. It is a progressive lung disease that leads to breathing challenges due to airflow obstruction. It manifests as persistent respiratory symptoms and restricted airflow resulting from abnormalities in the airways and alveoli, usually due to long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases. COPD mainly consists of two primary conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

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Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD, is a long-term condition marked by persistent and only partially reversible airflow limitation. It involves two overlapping conditions—chronic bronchitis and emphysema—which often co-appear but differ in dominant symptoms and underlying mechanisms.Chronic Bronchitis FeaturesChronic bronchitis presents with a persistent productive cough and thick, sometimes purulent mucus due to airway inflammation, enlarged mucus glands, and goblet cell...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Rapid Viscoelastic Characterization of Airway Mucus Using a Benchtop Rheometer

Rapid Viscoelastic Characterization of Airway Mucus Using a Benchtop Rheometer

Published on: April 21, 2022

Circulating visfatin in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Xiaojing Liu¹, Yulin Ji, Jian Chen

¹West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.

Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)

|December 6, 2008

Summary

In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), plasma visfatin levels are elevated and linked to inflammation markers like CRP and TNF-alpha, suggesting visfatin

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Rapid Viscoelastic Characterization of Airway Mucus Using a Benchtop Rheometer

Rapid Viscoelastic Characterization of Airway Mucus Using a Benchtop Rheometer

Published on: April 21, 2022

Area of Science:

Pulmonary Medicine
Endocrinology
Immunology

Background:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is often associated with malnutrition and persistent systemic inflammation.
Visfatin, a novel adipokine, is implicated in various inflammatory conditions.
The role of visfatin in COPD, particularly its relationship with nutritional status and inflammation, is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate plasma visfatin levels in patients with COPD.
To compare visfatin levels, nutritional status, and inflammation markers between COPD patients and healthy controls.
To explore the correlations between visfatin, nutritional parameters, and inflammatory markers in COPD.

Main Methods:

Plasma visfatin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were quantified.
Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis.
The study included 35 COPD patients and 28 healthy controls.

Main Results:

COPD patients exhibited lower body mass index and body fat percentage compared to controls.
Plasma visfatin levels were significantly higher in COPD patients (2.07 +/- 0.18 ng/mL) versus controls (1.88 +/- 0.15 ng/mL).
Elevated levels of CRP and TNF-alpha were observed in COPD patients, with positive correlations to visfatin.

Conclusions:

Plasma visfatin is elevated in COPD patients.
Increased visfatin levels correlate significantly with inflammatory markers CRP and TNF-alpha.
Visfatin may function as a proinflammatory adipocytokine in COPD pathogenesis.