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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

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Published on: June 5, 2017

Novel skeletogenic patterning roles for the olfactory pit.

Heather L Szabo-Rogers¹, Poongodi Geetha-Loganathan, Cheryl J Whiting

¹Department of Oral Health Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.

Development (Cambridge, England)

|December 6, 2008

Summary

The nasal placode in avian embryos influences facial bone development and provides olfactory neurons. This study reveals its dual role in skeletal morphogenesis and sensory epithelium formation.

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Assessing Signaling Properties of Ectodermal Epithelia During Craniofacial Development

Assessing Signaling Properties of Ectodermal Epithelia During Craniofacial Development

Published on: March 24, 2011

Area of Science:

Developmental biology
Craniofacial development
Neuroscience

Background:

Olfactory placodes are crucial for facial development.
Their role in providing morphogenetic information to facial mesenchyme is under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the morphogenetic influence of the nasal placode on facial mesenchyme.
To determine the instructive capacity of nasal pit epithelium in inducing skeletal and neural tissues.

Main Methods:

In ovo manipulations of the nasal placode in avian embryos (extirpation, barrier placement).
Rescue experiments to assess the role of FGFs.
Grafting experiments of nasal pit epithelium to facial and trunk regions.

Main Results:

Nasal placode primarily influences lateral nasal mesenchyme, affecting skeletal derivative formation.
FGF signaling is essential for nasal capsule morphogenesis.
Nasal pits induce bone, cartilage, and PAX7 expression in facial grafts, but not trunk grafts.
Facial mesenchyme supports olfactory nerve projection and olfactory epithelium differentiation.

Conclusions:

The nasal placode acts as a signaling center for lateral nasal skeleton development.
It also serves as the source of olfactory neurons and sensory epithelium.
Facial mesenchyme is critical for supporting these inductive and differentiation processes.