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Related Concept Videos

Ureters01:22

Ureters

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters01:11

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...
The Bronchial Tree01:23

The Bronchial Tree

The human bronchi and bronchial tree play a crucial role in the respiratory system, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Let's delve into the intricate structure and functions of these respiratory components.
The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a tube that connects the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi. At a point called the carina, it bifurcates into two primary bronchi. The right primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left primary...
Blood and Nerve Supply to the Kidney01:18

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Kidney

The kidneys are vital organs responsible for filtering and cleaning blood, removing waste products, and regulating electrolyte levels. To perform these essential functions, they require a constant and robust blood supply.
Bloody Supply to the Kidneys:
The kidneys receive their blood supply from the renal arteries, which branch off from the abdominal aorta—the main artery supplying the abdomen and lower body. The renal arteries enter the kidneys at the hilum, a notch on the medial side of each...
Urethra01:16

Urethra

The urethra is a hollowed tubular organ through which urine is expelled from the body. This structure extends from the bladder to the external opening, allowing urine to be released.
The anatomy of the urethra differs between males and females. In females, the urethra is short, measuring about 3–4 cm in length, and opens anterior to the vaginal opening. In males, the urethra is longer and passes through the penis, serving dual purposes: expelling urine and ejaculating semen. The male urethra is...
Internal Anatomy of the Kidney01:12

Internal Anatomy of the Kidney

The kidneys are essential organs in the human body, performing a myriad of tasks that maintain homeostasis and overall health.
Anatomical Position and Dimensions
The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs positioned against the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the spine, roughly between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. Each kidney is typically 10-12 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, and 3-4 cm thick, weighing about 150 grams.
Renal Cortex
The outermost region of the kidney is the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Dissection and Culture of Mouse Embryonic Kidney
08:30

Dissection and Culture of Mouse Embryonic Kidney

Published on: May 17, 2017

How does the ureteric bud branch?

Sanjay K Nigam1, Mita M Shah

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0693, USA. snigam@ucsd.edu

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN
|December 6, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Systems approaches reveal a conserved gene network governing ureteric bud (UB) branching morphogenesis. This network drives kidney development through iterative tubulogenesis and may offer insights into renal diseases.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Molecular genetics
  • Systems biology

Background:

  • Ureteric bud (UB) arborization is crucial for kidney development.
  • Molecular mechanisms controlling UB branching morphogenesis are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how systems approaches can elucidate the gene network structure during UB branching.
  • To understand the mechanisms of collecting system formation from a straight epithelial tube.

Main Methods:

  • Review of in vitro and genetic studies.
  • Analysis of gene networks and molecular interactions.
  • Stage-based modeling of branching morphogenesis.

Main Results:

  • A conserved gene network acts as a "tip-stalk generator" for iterative UB branching.
  • Stage transitions are regulated by differential expression of mesenchymal and epithelial factors.
  • Mesenchymal interactions guide vectorial arborization and tapering.

Conclusions:

  • Conserved gene networks and stage-specific regulation govern branching morphogenesis in the ureteric bud.
  • Similar principles may apply to other branching epithelial organs.
  • Disruptions in these mechanisms can lead to renal diseases by affecting nephron number.