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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
Chromatin Structure and RNA Splicing02:41

Chromatin Structure and RNA Splicing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP02:36

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP

Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based technique used to identify sites on DNA that bind to transcription factors of interest or histone proteins. It also helps determine the type of histone modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation.
Types of ChIP
ChIP can be divided into two types - X-ChIP and N-ChIP. X-ChIP involves in vivo cross-linking of histones and regulatory proteins to DNA, fragmenting the DNA by sonication, and isolating the protein-DNA...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...

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Related Experiment Video

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Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome
07:23

Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome

Published on: June 15, 2016

Chromatin structure analyses identify miRNA promoters.

Fatih Ozsolak1, Laura L Poling, Zhengxin Wang

  • 1Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.

Genes & Development
|December 6, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Researchers mapped microRNA (miRNA) promoters to understand gene regulation. They identified transcription factors controlling miRNA expression, revealing new insights into gene networks and melanoma development.

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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) in Mouse T-cell Lines
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome
07:23

Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome

Published on: June 15, 2016

Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions
10:16

Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions

Published on: June 28, 2018

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) in Mouse T-cell Lines
11:39

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) in Mouse T-cell Lines

Published on: June 17, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial gene regulators in health and disease.
  • The transcriptional regulation of miRNAs remains largely uncharacterized due to limited promoter identification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize proximal promoters for a large set of human miRNAs.
  • To elucidate the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms governing miRNA expression.

Main Methods:

  • Combined nucleosome mapping with chromatin signatures to identify miRNA promoters.
  • Analyzed nucleosome positioning and linker DNA sequences within promoters.
  • Identified transcription factor binding sites and RNA polymerase occupancy.

Main Results:

  • Successfully identified proximal promoters for 175 human miRNAs.
  • Discovered independent transcription initiation regions for one-third of intronic miRNAs.
  • Identified nine miRNAs regulated by MITF in melanoma, including novel regulatory elements.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides a high-throughput method for identifying miRNA regulatory elements.
  • The findings enhance understanding of miRNA transcriptional networks and their role in diseases like melanoma.
  • The characterized promoters and regulatory elements offer insights into miRNA evolution.