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Related Concept Videos

Pivot Bearings01:23

Pivot Bearings

In mechanical systems, bearings are crucial in facilitating relative motion between two components while minimizing friction and wear. They help distribute various loads (radial, axial or a combination of both loads) across machinery parts, ensuring smooth and efficient operation.
A pivot bearing is a specialized type of bearing designed to support axial loads on a rotating shaft. The bearing surface, or the pivot, is positioned at the end of a shaft to support the axial thrust. The pivot may...
Transformations of Functions II01:29

Transformations of Functions II

Transformations in mathematics alter the position or orientation of a function’s graph while preserving its fundamental shape. One important type of transformation is the horizontal shift, which involves modifying the input variable within a function’s equation. This operation affects where outputs occur along the horizontal axis but does not alter the function’s overall structure.A horizontal shift is achieved by replacing the input variable x with either x + c or x - c, where c is a constant.
Transmission Shafts: Problem Solving01:09

Transmission Shafts: Problem Solving

Designing a solid shaft that transmits power from a motor to a machine tool involves a series of calculations to ensure the shaft can withstand the stresses applied by bending moments and torques. First, calculate the torque exerted on the gear, considering the power transmitted by the shaft and its rotational speed. Following this, compute the tangential forces acting on the gears, which directly relate to the torque and the gear radius.
Next, use bending moment diagrams for the shaft to...
Angle of Twist: Problem Solving01:13

Angle of Twist: Problem Solving

An electric motor applies a torque of 700 N·m to an aluminum shaft, triggering a stable rotation. Two pulleys, B and C, are subjected to torques of 300 N·m and 400 N·m, respectively. The modulus of rigidity is provided as 25 GPa. With the knowledge of the length and diameter of each segment, the twist angle between the two pulleys can be computed. First, a section cut is made between pulleys B and C, and the cut cross-section is analyzed using a free-body diagram. Given that the torque exerted...
Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
Sigmatropic shifts are classified based on an order term [i, j ], where i and j indicate the number of atoms across which each end of the σ bond migrates. Below are examples of a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-hexadiene, referred to as...
Rotational Motion about a Fixed Axis01:26

Rotational Motion about a Fixed Axis

A rigid body's rotation around a fixed axis makes every point within it trace a circular path around a specific line or point. The term given to this type of spinning is defined by the angular position, symbolized by the angle θ. This angle is gauged from a static reference line to the revolving object. From this angular position, any variation is referred to as angular displacement, denoted by dθ. The extent of this displacement can be calculated in degrees, radians, or revolutions, where one...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle
10:41

Method to Measure Tone of Axial and Proximal Muscle

Published on: December 14, 2011

The pivot shift.

Clayton G Lane1, Russell Warren, Andrew D Pearle

  • 1Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA. cgl@alortho.com

The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
|December 6, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The pivot shift test better predicts outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction than the Lachman test. Advances in technology may allow objective measurement of the pivot shift for personalized ACL surgery.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • The Lachman test and pivot shift test are key clinical assessments for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-deficient knees.
  • Lachman test quantification makes it the benchmark for ACL reconstruction success, leading to techniques that address anterior laxity.
  • Rotational stability is often not restored post-ACL reconstruction, and the pivot shift test correlates better with functional instability and patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the clinical significance of the pivot shift test in assessing knee instability after ACL reconstruction.
  • To discuss the limitations of current methods in measuring pivot shift and the potential of new technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical tests for ACL deficiency, focusing on Lachman and pivot shift.
  • Discussion of recent technological advancements enabling objective description of pivot shift kinematics.
  • Analysis of the correlation between pivot shift findings and functional outcomes.

Main Results:

  • While the Lachman test is quantifiable, it may not fully capture the rotational instability after ACL reconstruction.
  • The pivot shift test, though difficult to measure, reflects functional instability and patient outcomes more accurately.
  • Technological advancements are improving the objective description of pivot shift movements.

Conclusions:

  • The pivot shift test is a crucial indicator of rotational knee stability and functional outcomes post-ACL reconstruction.
  • Objective quantification of the pivot shift is becoming feasible through technological innovation.
  • Future ACL reconstruction may be tailored to individual patient's rotational instability based on objective pivot shift measurements.