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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
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Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:
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Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to become...
Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides02:17

Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides

Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry, similar...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)
10:42

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

Published on: December 29, 2016

Routhierite, Tl(Cu,Ag)(Hg,Zn)(2)(As,Sb)(2)s(6).

Luca Bindi1

  • 1Museo di Storia Naturale, Sezione di Mineralogia, Universitá di Firenze, Firenze, Italy. luca.bindi@unifi.it

Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Crystal Structure Communications
|December 6, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The crystal structure of routhierite, a thallium, copper, silver, mercury, zinc, arsenic, antimony, and sulfur mineral, was determined using X-ray diffraction. This study confirms routhierite and stalderite share the same crystal structure.

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Area of Science:

  • Mineralogy
  • Crystallography
  • Inorganic Chemistry

Background:

  • Routhierite is a complex sulfosalt mineral with the formula Tl(Cu,Ag)(Hg,Zn)2(As,Sb)2S6.
  • Previous structural data for routhierite was lacking, hindering detailed crystal-chemical analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine and refine the crystal structure of routhierite.
  • To elucidate the crystal-chemical relationships between routhierite and other thallium-mercury sulfosalts.
  • To compare the crystal structure of routhierite with that of stalderite.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed for structure solution and refinement.
  • Analysis of coordination polyhedra (tetrahedra and polyhedra) and their connectivity.
  • Comparison of refined structural parameters with known sulfosalt structures.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure of routhierite was solved and refined for the first time.
  • The structure features a framework of (Cu,Ag)S4 and (Hg,Zn)S4 tetrahedra with channels containing TlS6 and (As,Sb)S3 polyhedra.
  • Definitive confirmation that routhierite and stalderite share an identical crystal structure.

Conclusions:

  • The detailed crystal structure of routhierite has been established.
  • The structural findings provide insights into the crystal chemistry of Tl-Hg sulfosalts.
  • Routhierite and stalderite are isostructural, confirming their close crystallographic relationship.