Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Reprogramming Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines from Frozen Buffy Coat Samples.

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE·2026
Same author

Red blood cell transfusion survival in sickle cell disease is reduced by donor characteristics and recipient spleen activity.

Blood advances·2026
Same author

Evaluating Subtypes of Endometriosis in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Using Clinical Findings and Immunohistochemistry.

Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS·2026
Same author

Quantitative Imaging of the Heterogeneity of Brain Potassium Depletion in Experimental Focal Ischemia.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Delayed viral rebound post-ART interruption in infant macaques given SIV-specific neutralizing antibodies.

Cell reports. Medicine·2026
Same author

Study protocol for neuroimaging using 7 T MRI in the investigation of baricitinib for reduction of HIV in the CNS: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.

BMC medical imaging·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Use of a Central Venous Line for Fluids, Drugs and Nutrient Administration in a Mouse Model of Critical Illness
09:17

Use of a Central Venous Line for Fluids, Drugs and Nutrient Administration in a Mouse Model of Critical Illness

Published on: May 2, 2017

Neuroendocrine dysfunction in pediatric critical illness.

Kiran Hebbar1, Mark R Rigby, Eric I Felner

  • 1Divisions of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, USA. kiran.hebbar@choa.org

Pediatric Critical Care Medicine : a Journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies
|December 6, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Neuroendocrine dysfunction (NED) is common in critically ill children, affecting up to 62% with multiple deficiencies. Its prevalence did not correlate with illness severity or sepsis, suggesting broader implications for pediatric intensive care.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Use of a Central Venous Line for Fluids, Drugs and Nutrient Administration in a Mouse Model of Critical Illness
09:17

Use of a Central Venous Line for Fluids, Drugs and Nutrient Administration in a Mouse Model of Critical Illness

Published on: May 2, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric critical care medicine
  • Pediatric endocrinology
  • Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) research

Background:

  • Neuroendocrine dysfunction (NED) prevalence and impact in critically ill children are not well-defined.
  • Existing data on NED in adults may not directly translate to pediatric populations.
  • Understanding NED in pediatric critical illness is crucial for potential therapeutic interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of NED in critically ill children within a multidisciplinary PICU.
  • To investigate the relationship between NED and illness severity scores (e.g., PIM, PELOD).
  • To assess the association of NED with the presence of sepsis in pediatric patients.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective observational study conducted in a PICU at a children's hospital.
  • Analysis of blood samples for serum cortisol, thyroid hormones (TSH, T3, rT3, free T4), and arginine vasopressin within 12 hours of admission.
  • Calculation of Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PIM) and Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction (PELOD) scores, alongside length of stay and mortality data.

Main Results:

  • Seventy-three children were enrolled; median age was 72 months.
  • Absolute adrenal insufficiency prevalence varied from 7% to 58% based on cortisol cutoff.
  • Multiple NED (2 or 3 neurohormonal deficiencies) was observed in 62% of affected children; no significant difference in NED prevalence between septic and non-septic patients.
  • NED did not correlate with PELOD, PIM III scores, length of stay, or mortality.

Conclusions:

  • NED is a common finding in both septic and non-septic critically ill children in a PICU setting.
  • Current findings highlight the high prevalence of multiple neurohormonal deficiencies.
  • Larger studies are needed to clarify the prognostic significance of NED and potential benefits of early hormonal replacement therapies in critically ill children.