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Related Concept Videos

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
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Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Anterior High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography in the Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
06:15

Anterior High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography in the Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia

Published on: August 9, 2024

Nodular pretibial myxedema.

Christopher M Hunzeker1, Hideko Kamino, Ruth F Walters

  • 1Department of Dermatology, New York University, USA.

Dermatology Online Journal
|December 9, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Graves disease can cause pretibial myxedema, characterized by skin nodules. Biopsies confirmed the condition, and while initial treatment showed promise, the nodules began to regrow.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Graves disease, an autoimmune disorder, commonly affects the thyroid gland.
  • Pretibial myxedema is a rare dermatological manifestation of Graves disease, characterized by localized skin thickening.

Observation:

  • A 30-year-old male with a history of Graves disease presented with asymptomatic, symmetrical nodules on his anterior tibias.
  • The nodules developed at sites of pressure from military boots and were biopsied.
  • The patient had recently ceased smoking and chewing tobacco, known risk factors.

Findings:

  • Biopsy results indicated an accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharides, confirming pretibial myxedema.
  • Following biopsy, rapid resolution of the right leg nodule and significant reduction in the left leg nodule size were observed.
  • Three months post-biopsy, the nodules showed signs of re-enlargement.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the association between Graves disease and pretibial myxedema.
  • The findings suggest that localized pressure may exacerbate or trigger nodule formation in susceptible individuals.
  • The transient response to biopsy and subsequent regrowth indicate the need for ongoing management strategies for pretibial myxedema.