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Antifungal Agents

Antifungal Agents

Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to cholesterol contributes to...

Bioavailability Enhancement: Determination and Conceptual Approaches in Overcoming Bioavailability Problems

Bioavailability Enhancement: Determination and Conceptual Approaches in Overcoming Bioavailability Problems

Bioavailability is a critical pharmacological concept that measures the extent and rate at which an active drug ingredient or therapeutic moiety enters the systemic circulation, remaining unchanged. It's a pivotal factor in determining a drug's efficacy and safety.The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) plays an essential role in drug development by categorizing drugs into four classes based on their solubility and permeability. This classification aids in understanding drug absorption...

Bioavailability: Influencing Factors

Bioavailability: Influencing Factors

Bioavailability refers to the extent and rate at which a drug reaches systemic circulation in its active form. Extent refers to the amount of the drug that makes it into circulation, while rate is the speed at which it enters circulation. It is influenced by several factors critical for optimizing drug formulations, dosing regimens, and therapeutic outcomes.Physicochemical properties of drugs and formulationsThe solubility, stability, and dissolution rate of a drug significantly impact its...

Bioavailability: Overview

Bioavailability: Overview

Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation in its active, unaltered form. It is a crucial pharmacokinetic parameter that determines the effectiveness of a drug in achieving its intended therapeutic outcomes. The route of administration significantly influences bioavailability, with intravenous administration achieving 100% bioavailability as the drug directly enters the bloodstream. In contrast, oral administration often results in...

Bioavailability: Overview

Bioavailability: Overview

Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an unaltered drug that, after administration, enters the systemic circulation and can be distributed to the desired action site. Factors such as gastrointestinal (GI) absorption and liver biotransformation influence the bioavailability of a drug when it is administered orally. When a drug is administered intravenously, it enters the systemic circulation directly; by definition, its bioavailability is assumed to be 100%. The bioavailability of an...

Factors Influencing Bioavailability: First-Pass Elimination

Factors Influencing Bioavailability: First-Pass Elimination

When a drug is taken orally, it undergoes a journey starting from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, passing through the portal vein, reaching the liver, and finally entering the systemic circulation. This process involves the absorption of the drug across the GI tract. The liver is the primary site for metabolizing the drug, with some metabolism also occurring in the gut wall. This journey significantly reduces the quantity of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation, a phenomenon known as...

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Measuring Volatile and Non-volatile Antifungal Activity of Biocontrol Products

Measuring Volatile and Non-volatile Antifungal Activity of Biocontrol Products

Published on: December 5, 2020

The structure-bioavailability approach in antifungal agents.

Monika Grudzień¹, Anna Król, Grazyna Paterek

¹Department of Drug Chemistry, Warsaw Medical University, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry

|December 9, 2008

Summary

This study calculated thermodynamic and electrostatic properties for antifungal drugs like itraconazole and fluconazole. These molecular properties accurately predict drug bioavailability and solubility, aiding in Biopharmaceutical Classification System development.

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Area of Science:

Medicinal Chemistry
Computational Chemistry
Pharmacokinetics

Background:

Antifungal triazole and imidazole derivatives are crucial in treating fungal infections.
Understanding their bioavailability is key to effective drug development.
Ketoconazole exhibits notably low aqueous solubility compared to other antifungals.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the thermodynamic and electrostatic properties of key antifungal agents.
To identify molecular determinants influencing the bioavailability of these compounds.
To assess the potential of these properties as screening parameters for drug development.

Main Methods:

Calculation of thermodynamic properties, specifically solvation energy (DeltaG values).
Analysis of electrostatic properties of itraconazole, fluconazole, miconazole, and ketoconazole.
Evaluation of the impact of molecular substituents on properties and bioavailability.

Main Results:

Solvation energy and electrostatic properties were calculated for the studied antifungal molecules.
These properties effectively differentiated the compounds, notably highlighting ketoconazole's low water solubility.
Thermodynamic and electrostatic parameters correlated well with observed bioavailability.

Conclusions:

Molecular thermodynamic and electrostatic properties serve as reliable indicators of antifungal drug bioavailability.
These properties can be utilized as predictive screening parameters in Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) development.
This approach facilitates the rational design and selection of antifungal agents with improved pharmacokinetic profiles.