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Nuclear Binding Energy

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons are bound together;...

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...

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Covalent bonds are formed between two atoms when both have similar tendencies to attract electrons to themselves (i.e., when both atoms have identical or fairly similar ionization energies and electron affinities). Nonmetal atoms frequently form covalent bonds with other nonmetal atoms. For example, the hydrogen molecule, H2, contains a covalent bond between its two hydrogen atoms. When two separate hydrogen atoms with a particular potential energy approach each other, their valence orbitals...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow

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Published on: April 24, 2014

A tight-binding potential for helium in carbon systems.

Rebecca Granot¹, Roi Baer

¹Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.

The Journal of Chemical Physics

|December 10, 2008

Summary

We developed a fast, transferable tight-binding method to study helium in carbon systems like diamonds and fullerenes, crucial for planetary science and astrophysics.

Area of Science:

Planetary Science
Geophysics
Astrophysics
Evolutionary Biology

Background:

Helium's presence in carbon systems (diamonds, fullerenes) is significant across multiple scientific disciplines.
Studying these large atomic systems requires efficient methods for potential and force calculations.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a fast and accurate computational method for assessing helium interactions in carbon systems.
To improve the understanding of helium's behavior in diamonds and fullerenes.

Main Methods:

A tight-binding approach was developed, integrating density functional calculations.
A many-body potential term was incorporated to enhance accuracy for bulky systems.

Main Results:

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The method accurately consolidates density functional results for helium in diamond.
It effectively models helium passage through benzene rings, relevant for fullerene applications.
The approach demonstrates good transferability across different carbon systems.

Conclusions:

The developed tight-binding method offers a simple and effective tool for studying helium in carbon systems.
This method has broad applicability in planetary sciences, geophysics, astrophysics, and evolutionary biology.