Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired molecule. These three...
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
Energy Diagrams, Transition States, and Intermediates02:13

Energy Diagrams, Transition States, and Intermediates

Free-energy diagrams, or reaction coordinate diagrams, are graphs showing the energy changes that occur during a chemical reaction. The reaction coordinate represented on the horizontal axis shows how far the reaction has progressed structurally. Positions along the x-axis close to the reactants have structures resembling the reactants, while positions close to the products resemble the products.  Peaks on the energy diagram represent stable structures with measurable lifetimes, while other...
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Opposing sensitive period effects of early and late childhood maltreatment on corticolimbic responses in fear conditioning.

Molecular psychiatry·2026
Same author

Extensive sucrose cycling through the fructan pool of a C3 grass across a 200 to 800 μmol mol-1 atmospheric CO2 gradient.

Plant physiology·2026
Same author

Integrated study reveals molecular mechanisms by which bisphenol A promotes ovarian cancer.

iScience·2026
Same author

Accelerating water dissociation via modulating charge transfer at the CoMo alloy/CoW layered double hydroxide heterointerface for highly efficient hydrogen evolution catalysis.

Journal of colloid and interface science·2026
Same author

Synthesis of Diphenyl Sulfonamide Derivatives as Potential Inhibitors of V-ATPase.

Current organic synthesis·2026
Same author

Efficacy and Safety of Remimazolam Tosylate versus Propofol for Sedation of Postoperative Mechanically Ventilated Patients in Intensive Care Units: A Multicenter, Randomized, Single-blind, Noninferiority, Phase 3 Trial.

Anesthesiology·2026
Same journal

Revisiting crossed-correlated baths in open quantum systems simulated by HEOM or T-TEDOPA.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same journal

Vesicle size and membrane composition control monomer transfer pathways in multicomponent lipid vesicles.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same journal

Polaron-mediated exciton dynamics of P(NDI2OD-T2) unveiled by transient absorption spectroscopy under electrochemical conditions.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same journal

Green-Kubo relation in a mesoscale odd fluid model.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same journal

Nitrogenation of microscopic MoS2 surfaces by oxidation scanning probe lithography.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same journal

Molecular structure, binding, and disorder in TDBC-Ag plexcitonic assemblies.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Electrochemical Rate Constant Estimation
08:41

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Electrochemical Rate Constant Estimation

Published on: October 10, 2018

Reaction coordinates for electron transfer reactions.

Jayendran C Rasaiah1, Jianjun Zhu

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA. rasaiah@maine.edu

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|December 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Marcus

More Related Videos

Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions
11:44

Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions

Published on: March 20, 2014

Total Internal Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (TIRAS) for the Detection of Solvated Electrons at a Plasma-liquid Interface
08:50

Total Internal Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (TIRAS) for the Detection of Solvated Electrons at a Plasma-liquid Interface

Published on: January 24, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Electrochemical Rate Constant Estimation
08:41

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Electrochemical Rate Constant Estimation

Published on: October 10, 2018

Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions
11:44

Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions

Published on: March 20, 2014

Total Internal Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (TIRAS) for the Detection of Solvated Electrons at a Plasma-liquid Interface
08:50

Total Internal Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (TIRAS) for the Detection of Solvated Electrons at a Plasma-liquid Interface

Published on: January 24, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Chemical Physics

Background:

  • Outer sphere electron transfer is fundamental in chemical reactions.
  • Marcus' theory provides a framework for understanding electron transfer processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between different formulations of the reaction coordinate in Marcus' theory.
  • To analyze the dependence of free energies and activation energy on key parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing polarization fluctuation and energy gap formulations for the reaction coordinate.
  • Applying Marcus' theory with a continuum solvent model and linear response approximation.

Main Results:

  • A linear relationship was found between reaction coordinate formulations and the Lagrangian multiplier (m).
  • Free energies and activation energy exhibit consistent dependencies on reorganization energy and standard reaction free energy.

Conclusions:

  • Both reaction coordinate formulations are expected to yield identical results within the study's approximations.
  • The findings reinforce the consistency of Marcus' theory under specific modeling conditions.