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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
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Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Rat Model of Photochemically-Induced Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
14:54

Rat Model of Photochemically-Induced Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Published on: November 29, 2015

Ischemic optic neuropathy.

Sohan Singh Hayreh1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242-1091, USA.

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
|December 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Ischemic optic neuropathy encompasses six distinct types, including anterior (AION) and posterior (PION), each requiring specific management. Understanding these differences improves treatment and may reduce incidence.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) is a leading cause of vision loss, but its diverse nature leads to management controversies.
  • ION presents as anterior (AION) or posterior (PION), with multiple subtypes including arteritic and non-arteritic forms.
  • Non-arteritic anterior ION (NA-AION) is the most common type, particularly affecting middle-aged and elderly individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the distinct pathogeneses, clinical features, and management strategies for the various types of ischemic optic neuropathy.
  • To address misconceptions and highlight recent advancements in understanding ION.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of current concepts for better patient outcomes and disease prevention.

Main Methods:

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The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rNAION)
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The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rNAION)

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System for Focal, Closed-System Central Nervous System Injury
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System for Focal, Closed-System Central Nervous System Injury

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Rat Model of Photochemically-Induced Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
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Rat Model of Photochemically-Induced Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Published on: November 29, 2015

The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rNAION)
06:49

The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rNAION)

Published on: November 20, 2016

System for Focal, Closed-System Central Nervous System Injury
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System for Focal, Closed-System Central Nervous System Injury

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  • Review of current literature and emerging information on optic nerve circulation.
  • Analysis of systemic and local risk factors contributing to ION development.
  • Examination of clinical evidence regarding spontaneous visual recovery and therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • Ischemic optic neuropathy comprises six distinct clinical entities, necessitating individualized approaches.
  • Arteritic anterior ION (A-AION) is an emergency requiring prompt corticosteroid treatment to prevent irreversible vision loss.
  • Encouraging findings include spontaneous visual improvement in 40% of NA-AION cases and beneficial effects of early steroid therapy in NA-ION and NA-PION.

Conclusions:

  • Recognizing the distinct types of ION is crucial for effective diagnosis and management.
  • New insights into risk factors and therapeutic responses offer improved strategies for vision preservation.
  • Further understanding and application of this knowledge can lead to better clinical management and reduced incidence of ION.