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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
Sites for measuring blood pressure01:21

Sites for measuring blood pressure

Blood pressure measurement is a fundamental clinical procedure, providing crucial data for assessing cardiovascular health. Among the various sites for this measurement, the brachial and popliteal arteries are predominantly utilized due to their accessibility and the reliability of their readings. This lesson delves into the anatomical significance, methodology, and considerations of measuring blood pressure at these locations.
The Brachial Artery: Primary Site for Blood Pressure Measurement
Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
Assessment of blood pressure in brachial artery(one-step method)01:15

Assessment of blood pressure in brachial artery(one-step method)

This procedural guide systematically measures blood pressure using an oscillometric digital sphygmomanometer, emphasizing accuracy, patient safety, and comfort.
Prepare for the Procedure:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury
09:42

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury

Published on: March 27, 2026

Obstetric brachial plexus injuries.

Martijn J A Malessy1, Willem Pondaag

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. malessy@lumc.nl

Neurosurgery Clinics of North America
|December 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Obstetric brachial plexus lesions (OBPLs) result from birth-related traction injuries. While many infants recover, severe cases may require surgery based on nerve damage assessment.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatric Medicine
  • Obstetrics

Background:

  • Obstetric brachial plexus lesions (OBPLs) affect approximately 2 in 1000 births, commonly involving C5 and C6 spinal nerves.
  • Prognosis for OBPLs is generally favorable, yet 20-30% of affected children may experience residual deficits.
  • Surgical intervention is reserved for severe OBPL cases, such as neurotmesis or root avulsions, where spontaneous recovery is unlikely.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of OBPL neuropathophysiology.
  • To discuss diagnostic and prognostic indicators for OBPLs.
  • To review surgical outcomes for severe OBPL cases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on OBPLs.
  • Analysis of studies involving preoperative electromyography (EMG).

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Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
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Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets

Published on: December 19, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury
09:42

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury

Published on: March 27, 2026

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
06:51

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets

Published on: December 19, 2019

  • Evaluation of intraoperative nerve action potential (NAP) and compound motor action potential (CMAP) studies.
  • Discussion of published nerve surgery results for OBPLs.

    • Main Results:

    • OBPLs commonly involve C5 and C6 spinal nerves due to labor-related traction.
    • A significant percentage of children (20-30%) may have long-term deficits despite generally good prognosis.
    • Surgical indications are specific to severe nerve damage (neurotmesis, root avulsions).

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding OBPL neuropathophysiology is crucial for appropriate management.
    • Diagnostic tools like EMG and intraoperative potentials aid in assessing nerve injury severity.
    • Careful patient selection is vital for successful surgical outcomes in severe OBPL cases.