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Pancreas

Pancreas

The pancreas, an essential organ in the human body, is a pinkish-gray elongated structure located posterior to the stomach. It extends laterally from the duodenum towards the spleen and is firmly bound to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity. The organ's surface has a lumpy, lobular texture that gives it a unique appearance.
The broad head of the pancreas lies within the loop formed by the duodenum, while its slender body reaches towards the spleen. The tail of the pancreas is short and...

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, relapsing inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible damage to the gland. It results in progressive destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, fibrosis, and eventual loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. The disease may evolve gradually after multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis or develop independently.EtiologyChronic pancreatitis can arise from a variety of causes:Alcohol use is the leading cause, accounting for 70–80% of...

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...

Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas

Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas

The pancreas, a vital organ within the abdominal cavity, plays dual roles in the digestive and endocrine systems, collaborating with exocrine and endocrine cells to maintain optimal digestion and blood sugar levels.
Exocrine function is carried out by acinar cells, organized into clusters known as acini. These cells contribute to digestion by releasing substantial quantities of enzyme-rich, alkaline digestive juices.
Concurrently, the dispersed clusters of endocrine cells throughout the...

Pancreatic Juice and Secretion

Pancreatic Juice and Secretion

Pancreatic juice is a clear fluid produced by the pancreas, containing water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes vital for digestion in the small intestine. It helps break down large molecules, facilitating nutrient absorption.
When acidic chyme from the stomach enters the duodenum, it triggers the release of secretin, a hormone that prompts pancreatic juice secretion. After a fatty meal, cholecystokinin, another hormone, stimulates gallbladder contraction and enhances enzyme-rich...

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Acute pancreatitis is the sudden inflammation of the pancreas caused by the early activation of digestive enzymes, leading to the autodigestion of pancreatic tissue. This results in local inflammation and, in severe cases, systemic complications.EtiologyUnderstanding the underlying causes is crucial, as identifying the etiology guides treatment and anticipates complications. Acute pancreatitis can be triggered by various factors, typically grouped into the following clinical categories.Biliary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Pancreatic Duct Infusion: An Effective and Selective Method of Drug and Viral Delivery

Pancreatic Duct Infusion: An Effective and Selective Method of Drug and Viral Delivery

Published on: September 30, 2021

Pancreatic duct diversity.

Stanislaw Hac¹, Adam Nalecz, Marek Dobosz

¹Department of General Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Division of Surgical Nursing, Gdansk Municipal Hospital of Gdansk, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland. sthac@amg.gda.pl

|December 11, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study found that main pancreatic duct diversity occurs in 9.9% of adults, revealing previously undescribed abnormal configurations in the pancreatic body and tail. These findings challenge the notion that such pancreatic duct anomalies are rare.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Pancreatic Duct Infusion: An Effective and Selective Method of Drug and Viral Delivery

Pancreatic Duct Infusion: An Effective and Selective Method of Drug and Viral Delivery

Published on: September 30, 2021

Area of Science:

Anatomy
Embryology
Gastroenterology

Background:

The pancreatic duct system forms from the fusion of ventral and dorsal embryonic buds, typically in the pancreatic head.
Variations in this fusion process can lead to structural diversity within the duct system.
Pancreatic duct anomalies in the body and tail have been considered infrequent.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the frequency and characteristics of main pancreatic duct diversity in the pancreatic corpus and tail.
To document previously undescribed configurations of the pancreatic duct system.

Main Methods:

Evaluated 99 adult autopsies for macroscopic anomalies in the distal pancreas.
Performed pancreatograms via cannulation of the large duodenal papilla.
Noted ducts parallel to the gland axis, aberrant ducts, and abnormal ductuli architecture.

Main Results:

A 9.9% frequency of main pancreatic duct diversity was observed in the pancreatic corpus and tail.
Eleven atypical ducts were identified: 9 cranially and 2 caudally to the main pancreatic duct.
Abnormal third-degree ductuli architecture was also noted.

Conclusions:

The pancreatic duct system in the body and tail exhibits abnormal configurations not previously documented.
These findings suggest that pancreatic duct anomalies in these regions may be more common than previously thought.