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Related Concept Videos

Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
Coagulation01:06

Coagulation

Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
The Colloidal State01:29

The Colloidal State

The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called the...
Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents00:49

Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents

In gravimetry, the precipitant is chosen carefully to obtain a pure solid that can be easily filtered. Common inorganic precipitants can be used to determine several cations and anions. In some cases, the formation of the same precipitate can be used to determine the cation and the anion. For example, the reaction of barium and chromate ions to give barium chromate is used to determine both barium and chromate. However, precipitates such as hydroxides, oxalates, and metal ammonium phosphates...
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Procedure to Evaluate the Efficiency of Flocculants for the Removal of Dispersed Particles from Plant Extracts
10:37

Procedure to Evaluate the Efficiency of Flocculants for the Removal of Dispersed Particles from Plant Extracts

Published on: April 9, 2016

Reversible flocculation with hydroxypropyl guar-borate, a labile anionic polyelectrolyte.

Robert Pelton1, Zhen Hu, Howard Ketelson

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L7. Peltonrh@mcmaster.ca

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|December 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) mixed with boric acid or phenyl boronic acid (PBA) can flocculate cationic polystyrene latex. Flocculation reversal occurs by removing borate ions, highlighting the role of borate cross-linking in this process.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Procedure to Evaluate the Efficiency of Flocculants for the Removal of Dispersed Particles from Plant Extracts
10:37

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Published on: April 9, 2016

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Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles

Published on: January 7, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Polymer science
  • Colloid chemistry
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Cationic polystyrene latex is a common model system in colloid science.
  • Hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) is a water-soluble polymer with potential applications in flocculation.
  • Borate ions and boronic acids are known to interact with polymers containing hydroxyl groups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the flocculation of cationic polystyrene latex using mixtures of hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) and boric acid.
  • To explore the effect of phenyl boronic acid (PBA) in combination with HPG on latex flocculation.
  • To understand the mechanism of flocculation and its reversal.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of HPG-borate and HPG-PBA mixtures.
  • Flocculation experiments with cationic polystyrene latex.
  • Investigation of flocculation reversal using pH adjustment and fructose addition.

Main Results:

  • HPG-borate mixtures effectively flocculated cationic polystyrene latex.
  • Flocculation induced by HPG-borate was reversible by lowering pH or adding fructose, indicating removal of labile borate ions.
  • HPG-PBA mixtures also caused flocculation, but within a narrower concentration range.
  • The difference in flocculation efficiency was attributed to the cross-linking ability of borate ions versus the monofunctional nature of PBA.

Conclusions:

  • Borate ions play a crucial role in cross-linking HPG chains, leading to effective flocculation of cationic polystyrene latex.
  • The reversibility of flocculation by pH change or fructose addition confirms the labile nature of borate binding.
  • Phenyl boronic acid's monofunctionality limits its cross-linking capability, resulting in a narrower effective concentration range for flocculation compared to boric acid.