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Related Concept Videos

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease01:25

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the backward flow of stomach contents (acid, pepsin, or bile) into the esophagus, causing mucosal inflammation known as esophagitis. It results from failure of antireflux mechanisms, mainly the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), influenced by mechanical and physiological factors.Etiology and Risk FactorsGERD develops when LES function is weakened or when intra-abdominal pressure increases. Risk factors include aging, obesity, and sliding hiatal hernia,...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management01:29

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a persistent medical condition that affects many individuals worldwide. Its clinical manifestations can vary greatly, making diagnosis and management challenging for healthcare professionals. The following is a comprehensive overview of the clinical manifestations, assessment, and management strategies for GERD.
Clinical Manifestations
GERD presents itself in a multitude of ways, with symptoms varying from person to person. The hallmark symptoms are...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology01:29

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) involves the recurrent backflow of the stomach or duodenal contents into the esophagus, leading to troublesome symptoms and potential esophageal mucosal damage. Although GERD is often referred to as a disease, it is more accurately described as a syndrome, as it encompasses a range of symptoms and complications rather than a singular pathological entity, impacting a large number of individuals as the most prevalent upper gastrointestinal problem. Roughly...
Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:21

Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Individuals with Barrett's esophagus are often asymptomatic, but they may experience symptoms commonly associated with GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Additional symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool (which may appear black, tarry, or bloody), and episodes of vomiting.
To diagnose Barrett's esophagus, healthcare providers often recommend an endoscopy for those showing symptoms of acid reflux. The procedure entails...
Esophageal Achalasia01:27

Esophageal Achalasia

Esophageal achalasia is a chronic neurogenic disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and absent or ineffective peristalsis in the distal esophagus. This leads to a functional obstruction without a physical blockage, despite significant disruption of esophageal motility.EtiologyAchalasia is caused by degeneration of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, specifically the loss of inhibitory ganglion cells that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)...
Management of Insomnia01:19

Management of Insomnia

The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Surgical Models of Gastroesophageal Reflux with Mice
05:19

Surgical Models of Gastroesophageal Reflux with Mice

Published on: August 25, 2015

Melatonin protects against experimental reflux esophagitis.

Shawon Lahiri1, Pratibha Singh, Sarvesh Singh

  • 1Neuropharmacology Unit, Division of Pharmacology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India.

Journal of Pineal Research
|December 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Melatonin protects against reflux esophagitis (RE) by reducing esophageal damage and inflammation. Its protective effects are linked to antioxidant activity and modulating inflammatory cytokines, independent of specific melatonin receptors.

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Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring
06:46

Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring

Published on: December 14, 2020

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Surgical Models of Gastroesophageal Reflux with Mice
05:19

Surgical Models of Gastroesophageal Reflux with Mice

Published on: August 25, 2015

Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring
06:46

Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring

Published on: December 14, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Reflux esophagitis (RE) involves esophageal mucosal damage due to gastric acid and bile reflux.
  • Oxygen-derived free radicals and inflammation contribute significantly to RE pathogenesis.
  • Targeting free radical generation and inflammatory pathways may offer therapeutic benefits for RE.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the protective effects of melatonin against experimentally induced reflux esophagitis in rats.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying melatonin's action, including its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
  • To determine whether melatonin's effects are mediated through receptor-dependent or independent pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental reflux esophagitis was induced in rats.
  • Melatonin was administered as a pretreatment.
  • Esophageal lesions, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme levels (superoxide dismutase, glutathione), pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6), and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) were assessed.
  • The role of MT2 receptors was evaluated using the antagonist luzindole (LUZ).

Main Results:

  • Melatonin pretreatment significantly reduced hemorrhagic lesions and esophageal lipid peroxidation in RE rats.
  • Melatonin replenished depleted levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione, indicating antioxidant effects.
  • Melatonin suppressed upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6) while IL-10 levels remained unchanged.
  • The MT2 receptor antagonist luzindole did not block melatonin's protective effects, suggesting receptor-independent action.

Conclusions:

  • Melatonin demonstrates significant esophageal mucosal protection against experimental reflux esophagitis in rats.
  • Melatonin's protective effects are attributed to its free radical scavenging activity and antioxidant properties.
  • Melatonin also exerts beneficial effects by modulating inflammatory events in a receptor-independent manner.