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Related Concept Videos

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias01:29

Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per minute.
Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias01:28

Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias

Tachyarrhythmias are a type of dysrhythmia where the heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute. Here are some common types of tachyarrhythmias:Sinus TachycardiaSinus tachycardia originates from increased impulses from the sinus node, leading to an elevated heart rate. It is often triggered by stress, fever, or exercise.Patients may experience palpitations, a sensation of a racing heart, dizziness, and chest discomfort.Causes and Risk Factors: Common causes include physical exertion, emotional...
Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase of...
Dysrhythmias VI: Management of Dysrhythmias01:25

Dysrhythmias VI: Management of Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmia management involves a multifaceted approach, incorporating pharmacological treatments, medical procedures, surgical interventions, lifestyle modifications, and patient education.Pharmacological ManagementAntiarrhythmic Drugs:Class I (Sodium Channel Blockers): This class includes quinidine and procainamide, which reduce the speed of impulse conduction in the heart, stabilize the cardiac membrane, and control arrhythmias. Quinidine and procainamide are Class IA agents that prolong the...

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Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia from bedside to bench and beyond.

Guy Katz, Michael Arad, Michael Eldar

    Current Problems in Cardiology
    |December 11, 2008
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    Summary

    Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is an inherited heart condition causing dangerous arrhythmias. This review details its genetic basis, focusing on RyR2 and CASQ2 gene mutations impacting calcium handling.

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    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples
    14:39

    Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples

    Published on: April 21, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Cardiology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is a life-threatening inherited arrhythmia.
    • It is triggered by exercise and emotional stress, leading to syncope and sudden cardiac death.
    • Genetic mutations in RyR2 and CASQ2 genes underlie CPVT, affecting cardiac calcium handling.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the physiology of cardiac calcium homeostasis.
    • To discuss the pathophysiology of CPVT related to myocyte calcium handling.
    • To describe clinical manifestations and therapeutic strategies for CPVT.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of cardiac calcium homeostasis.
    • Analysis of genetic basis of CPVT (RyR2 and CASQ2 mutations).
    • Discussion of arrhythmogenesis linked to calcium cycling dysregulation.

    Main Results:

    • CPVT involves impaired cardiac cellular calcium homeostasis.
    • Mutations in RyR2 (CPVT1) and CASQ2 (CPVT2) are key genetic drivers.
    • Understanding calcium handling is crucial for CPVT pathophysiology.

    Conclusions:

    • CPVT pathogenesis is linked to aberrant myocyte calcium handling.
    • Genetic defects in RyR2 and CASQ2 disrupt calcium regulation.
    • Further research into calcium modulators may offer novel therapeutic avenues.