Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...
Doppler Effect - II01:05

Doppler Effect - II

The Doppler effect has several practical, real-world applications. For instance, meteorologists use Doppler radars to interpret weather events based on the Doppler effect. Typically, a transmitter emits radio waves at a specific frequency toward the sky from a weather station. The radio waves bounce off the clouds and precipitation and travel back to the weather station. The radio frequency of the waves reflected back to the station appears to decrease if the clouds or precipitation are moving...
Perception of Sound Waves01:01

Perception of Sound Waves

The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same frequency...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Electrophysiological Assessment of Semantic Processing of Cochlear Implant Users Using an Audiobook.

Trends in hearing·2026
Same author

Nonverbal Communication Processing in Deaf Adults: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis.

Brain sciences·2025
Same author

Association between high-frequency hearing sensitivity and visual cross-modal plasticity during active visual stimulus processing.

Journal of neurophysiology·2025
Same author

When Melodies Cue Memories: Electrophysiological Correlates of Autobiographically Salient Music Listening in Older Adults.

GeroScience·2025
Same author

Rapid Brain Adaptation to Hearing Amplification: A Randomized Crossover Trial of Personal Sound Amplification Products.

Trends in hearing·2025
Same author

Effects of age on the neural correlates of auditory working memory in cochlear implant users.

PloS one·2025
Same journal

Modulating corticospinal excitability with transcranial ultrasound stimulation: meta-analytic evidence of online and offline effects.

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Fast oscillations as useful biomarkers of the degree of epileptogenicity in each generalized epilepsy syndrome.

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Neuropsychological, biological, and electrophysiological outcomes of gamma-tACS in MCI-AD: A case series.

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Enhanced broad-band intermuscular coherence in myoclonus: a targeted characterization study.

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Perturbing the vestibular cortex with transcranial oscillatory currents uncovers early postural alterations in Parkinson's disease.

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

F-waves in primary lateral sclerosis: a window into spinal motoneuron hyperexcitability.

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations
06:34

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Published on: July 1, 2015

Auditory-evoked potentials to frequency increase and decrease of high- and low-frequency tones.

Hillel Pratt1, Arnold Starr, Henry J Michalewski

  • 1Evoked Potentials Laboratory, Behavioral Biology, Gutwirth Building, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel. hillel@tx.technion.ac.il

Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology
|December 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain activity in response to tone frequency changes depends on the direction, magnitude, and base frequency. These auditory processing variations may reflect neural networks crucial for speech perception, differentiating between high and low frequencies.

More Related Videos

A Method for Tracking the Time Evolution of Steady-State Evoked Potentials
12:03

A Method for Tracking the Time Evolution of Steady-State Evoked Potentials

Published on: May 25, 2019

Data Acquisition and Analysis In Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry In Mice
08:51

Data Acquisition and Analysis In Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry In Mice

Published on: May 10, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations
06:34

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Published on: July 1, 2015

A Method for Tracking the Time Evolution of Steady-State Evoked Potentials
12:03

A Method for Tracking the Time Evolution of Steady-State Evoked Potentials

Published on: May 25, 2019

Data Acquisition and Analysis In Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry In Mice
08:51

Data Acquisition and Analysis In Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry In Mice

Published on: May 10, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Auditory Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Human Neurophysiology

Background:

  • Understanding how the brain processes auditory information, particularly frequency modulations, is crucial for deciphering complex sensory perception.
  • Previous research has explored auditory evoked potentials but detailed characterization of responses to varying frequency changes is ongoing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define cortical brain responses to large and small frequency changes (increase and decrease) of high- and low-frequency tones.
  • To investigate how base frequency, change direction, and magnitude influence auditory evoked potentials.

Main Methods:

  • Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) were recorded from subjects not attending to auditory stimuli.
  • Tones of 250 Hz or 4000 Hz with 10% or 50% frequency changes (increase followed by decrease) were presented.
  • Latency, amplitude, and source current density of ERPs were analyzed and compared across conditions.

Main Results:

  • All frequency changes elicited P(50), N(100), and P(200) components, with N(100) localized to temporo-parietal auditory areas.
  • Auditory evoked potentials were influenced by base frequency (larger for low), direction (larger for increase), and magnitude (larger for greater change).
  • Differences between frequency increase and decrease were base frequency-dependent and localized to frontal areas.

Conclusions:

  • Cortical brain activity significantly varies based on the direction, magnitude, and base frequency of auditory tone changes.
  • These findings suggest distinct neural network sensitivities to frequency modulations, potentially underlying speech processing mechanisms for consonants and vowels.