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Related Concept Videos

Motor Units00:46

Motor Units

53.8K
A motor unit consists of two main components: a single efferent motor neuron (i.e., a neuron that carries impulses away from the central nervous system) and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. The motor neuron may innervate multiple muscle fibers, which are single cells, but only one motor neuron innervates a single muscle fiber.
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Force01:06

Force

26.1K
Forces affect every moment of our life. Our bodies are held to the Earth by force, and they are held together by the forces of charged particles. When we open a door, walk down a street, lift a fork, or touch a baby's face, we are applying force. Our body's atoms are held together by electrical forces, and the core of an atom, called the nucleus, is held together by the strongest force known to us—nuclear force.
The study of motion is called kinematics, but kinematics only...
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Torque01:10

Torque

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Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
Torque can be considered as the rotational counterpart to force. Since forces change the translational...
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Force On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field01:17

Force On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field

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Magnetic forces on wires carrying current are most frequently applied in motors. A DC motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical work. In motors, wire loops are enclosed in a magnetic field. When current flows through the loops, the magnetic field applies torque, which causes the shaft to rotate. The direction of the current is reversed once the loop's surface area is lined up with the magnetic field, causing a constant torque on the loop. During the process, commutators...
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Motor Units01:13

Motor Units

14.2K
The motor unit is a fundamental component of the neuromuscular system and plays a crucial role in coordinating muscle contractions. It consists of a somatic motor neuron, which connects and controls multiple skeletal muscle fibers, forming a single functional segment. The axon of the motor neuron branches out and establishes synaptic connections known as neuromuscular junctions with individual muscle fibers within the motor unit.
Motor units come in different sizes, with smaller units...
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Electro-mechanical Systems01:19

Electro-mechanical Systems

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Electromechanical systems are intricate configurations that effectively combine electrical and mechanical elements to achieve a desired outcome. Central to many of these systems is the DC motor, a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical motion, enabling various applications ranging from simple fans to complex robotic mechanisms.
A key component of the DC motor is the armature, a rotating circuit positioned within a magnetic field. As an electric current passes through the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

A Method for Evaluating Timeliness and Accuracy of Volitional Motor Responses to Vibrotactile Stimuli
07:28

A Method for Evaluating Timeliness and Accuracy of Volitional Motor Responses to Vibrotactile Stimuli

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Counting motors by force.

Daniel St Johnston1

  • 1The Gurdon Institute and the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB21QN, UK. ds139@cam.ac.uk

Cell
|December 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Kinesin-1 motor proteins function differently within cells than in lab tests. Researchers measured forces on lipid droplets in fly embryos to reveal unexpected in vivo motor regulation.

Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Biophysics
  • Molecular motors

Background:

  • Kinesin-1 is a microtubule motor protein crucial for intracellular transport.
  • Its properties are well-understood in vitro, but cellular in vivo behavior remains less clear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the in vivo behavior and regulation of kinesin-1.
  • To compare kinesin-1 function in the cellular environment versus in vitro conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized lipid droplets in fly embryos as a model system.
  • Measured the force exerted by kinesin-1 on these lipid droplets.
  • Determined the number of active kinesin-1 motors associated with each droplet.

Main Results:

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Last Updated: May 5, 2026

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  • Quantified kinesin-1 force generation within a cellular environment.
  • Identified the number of active motors per lipid droplet in vivo.
  • Observed significant differences in motor regulation between in vivo and in vitro conditions.

    • Conclusions:

    • Kinesin-1 motor regulation in vivo differs from in vitro characterizations.
    • Cellular viscosity and other factors impact kinesin-1 function.
    • This study provides insights into motor protein behavior in a native cellular context.