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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...

Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management

Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management

AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...

Pericarditis I: Introduction

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Pericarditis is defined as the inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. This condition can cause significant chest pain and other symptoms, often necessitating medical intervention. The pericardium has two layers: the inner visceral layer and the outer parietal layer, separated by a small amount of fluid that reduces friction during heartbeats.Types of PericarditisPericarditis can be classified into several types based on the duration and nature of the...

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice

An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice

Published on: June 6, 2025

Vasculitis in rheumatoid arthritis.

Carl Turesson¹, Eric L Matteson

¹Department of Rheumatology, Malmo University Hospital, Malmo, Sweden. turesson.carl@mayo.edu

Current Opinion in Rheumatology

|December 17, 2008

Summary

Rheumatoid vasculitis, a complication of rheumatoid arthritis, may be decreasing due to better disease control. This condition is linked to long-standing, severe rheumatoid arthritis and impacts patient longevity.

Area of Science:

Rheumatology
Immunology
Pathophysiology

Background:

Rheumatoid vasculitis is a severe extraarticular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Its occurrence is associated with longstanding, erosive, seropositive RA and antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides.
Pathogenesis involves immune complexes, cytotoxic CD28null T cells, and proinflammatory cytokines.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the occurrence, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical features of vasculitis in RA.
To provide a therapeutic perspective on rheumatoid vasculitis management.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on vasculitis in rheumatoid arthritis.
Analysis of epidemiological data and clinical presentations.
Evaluation of current and emerging therapeutic strategies.

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Main Results:

Improved RA control may be reducing the incidence of rheumatoid vasculitis.
Rheumatoid vasculitis is associated with specific patient profiles and immunological markers.
The role of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents in rheumatoid vasculitis is complex and requires further investigation.

Conclusions:

Vasculitis in RA significantly impacts patient well-being and life expectancy.
Advances in RA therapies are expected to decrease vasculitis incidence.
Managing cardiovascular comorbidities is crucial for patients with RA vasculitis.