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Bone Disorders

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

Hormones and Bone Tissue

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

What is the Skeletal System?

What is the Skeletal System?

The Functions of the Skeletal System

The Functions of the Skeletal System

The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Erosion Identification in Metacarpophalangeal Joints in Rheumatoid Arthritis using High-Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography

Erosion Identification in Metacarpophalangeal Joints in Rheumatoid Arthritis using High-Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography

Published on: October 6, 2023

Normal bone, osteoporosis, and the rheumatologist.

L S Simon¹, T Goodman

¹Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and the Medical Service (Arthritis Unit) Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.

Journal of Clinical Rheumatology : Practical Reports on Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Diseases

|December 17, 2008

Summary

Bone remodeling involves osteoblast and osteoclast balance. Osteoporosis disrupts this equilibrium, often affecting postmenopausal women, requiring rheumatologists to manage bone health and chronic pain.

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Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Erosion Identification in Metacarpophalangeal Joints in Rheumatoid Arthritis using High-Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography

Erosion Identification in Metacarpophalangeal Joints in Rheumatoid Arthritis using High-Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography

Published on: October 6, 2023

Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes

Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14⁺ Monocytes

Published on: January 27, 2023

Area of Science:

Rheumatology
Bone Biology
Metabolic Bone Disease

Background:

Normal bone remodeling is a continuous process involving osteoblast and osteoclast activity.
Bone mass is influenced by exercise, hormones, and genetics.
Osteoporosis commonly affects postmenopausal women due to disrupted bone equilibrium.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the importance of understanding normal bone biology for rheumatologists.
To emphasize the pathophysiological abnormalities in bone leading to conditions like osteoporosis.
To outline optimal multidisciplinary care approaches for patients with bone diseases.

Main Methods:

Review of normal bone remodeling processes.
Discussion of factors affecting bone mass.
Analysis of osteoporosis pathophysiology.
Exploration of multidisciplinary care strategies.

Main Results:

Normal bone remodeling requires balanced osteoblast and osteoclast function.
Disruption of this balance leads to conditions like osteoporosis.
Multidisciplinary care involving rehabilitation and nutrition is crucial.
Management of chronic pain associated with rheumatic bone diseases is essential.

Conclusions:

Rheumatologists must understand bone biology and disease pathophysiology.
Optimal patient care involves a multidisciplinary approach.
Effective management includes addressing chronic pain and patient education.