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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of endometrial...
Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
Oogenesis01:22

Oogenesis

Oogenesis,  the process of developing egg cells (female gametes), occurs within the ovaries and is fundamental to female fertility. This sequence begins during fetal development when diploid oogonia in the developing ovaries undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes. By birth, these primary oocytes enter prophase I of meiosis but become arrested in this stage, remaining suspended until puberty.
Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of pre-granulosa cells, forming what is known...
Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle length...
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

A Modified Technique for Inducing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Mice
04:49

A Modified Technique for Inducing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Mice

Published on: July 5, 2024

PCOS and infertility.

R Hart1

  • 1Reproductive Medicine, School of Women's and Infants' Health, Fertility Specialists of Western Australia, The University of Western Australia, Australia. roger.hart@uwa.edu.au

Panminerva Medica
|December 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) affects one in seven women, often requiring ovulation induction. Treatment focuses on single follicle development, with clomiphene citrate as the first-line therapy.

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Evaluation of Hepatic Glucose Production in a Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mouse Model
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Evaluation of Hepatic Glucose Production in a Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mouse Model

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

A Modified Technique for Inducing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Mice
04:49

A Modified Technique for Inducing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Mice

Published on: July 5, 2024

Evaluation of Hepatic Glucose Production in a Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mouse Model
09:44

Evaluation of Hepatic Glucose Production in a Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mouse Model

Published on: March 5, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age.
  • Approximately two-thirds of women with PCOS experience irregular ovulation, necessitating fertility treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the management of ovulation induction in women with PCOS.
  • To discuss first-line and second-line treatment options and associated risks.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current clinical approaches to ovulation induction in PCOS.
  • Emphasis on monitoring with serum estradiol and ultrasound.
  • Consideration of alternative therapies like metformin and in vitro maturation (IVM).

Main Results:

  • Clomiphene citrate is the initial treatment of choice for ovulation induction.
  • Gonadotrophins and laparoscopic ovarian drilling are second-line options.
  • Women with PCOS face increased risks during pregnancy and for their neonates.

Conclusions:

  • Ovulation induction in PCOS requires careful monitoring and individualized treatment strategies.
  • Risks of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in IVF necessitate exploring alternatives like IVM.
  • PCOS is associated with higher rates of miscarriage, pregnancy complications, and adverse neonatal outcomes.