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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs02:26

Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs

Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
Copy number variations or CNVs are the structural variations that cover more than 1kb of DNA sequence. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), on the other hand, is a single nucleotide change or a point mutation that is found in more than 1%...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

New sequence variants associated with bone mineral density.

Unnur Styrkarsdottir1, Bjarni V Halldorsson, Solveig Gretarsdottir

  • 1deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland. unnur.styrkarsdottir@decode.is

Nature Genetics
|December 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study identified four new genetic loci associated with bone mineral density in Icelandic and European populations. These findings advance our understanding of the genetic factors influencing bone health.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Bone Biology
  • Human Health

Background:

  • Bone mineral density (BMD) is a key determinant of skeletal health and fracture risk.
  • Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous genetic loci influencing BMD.
  • Understanding the genetic architecture of BMD is crucial for developing targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify novel genetic loci associated with bone mineral density.
  • To expand the understanding of genetic contributions to skeletal health.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted an extended genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 6,865 Icelandic individuals.
  • Performed a follow-up GWAS in 8,510 individuals of European descent.
  • Analyzed associations between genetic variants and bone mineral density.

Main Results:

  • Identified four new genome-wide significant loci near the SOST, MARK3, SP7, and TNFRSF11A (RANK) genes.
  • Found suggestive associations for nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in C17orf53, LRP4, ADAM19, and IBSP genes with bone density.
  • These loci contribute to the genetic basis of bone mineral density.

Conclusions:

  • The identified genetic loci represent novel contributors to bone mineral density variation.
  • These findings enhance the understanding of the genetic underpinnings of skeletal traits.
  • Further research into these genes may reveal new therapeutic targets for bone diseases.