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Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...

Heterochromatin

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...

Euchromatin

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

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Published on: September 20, 2018

Histone H3 tail clipping regulates gene expression.

Helena Santos-Rosa¹, Antonis Kirmizis, Christopher Nelson

¹Gurdon Institute and Department of Pathology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK.

Nature Structural & Molecular Biology

|December 17, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered a new histone modification in yeast that clips histone H3 tails. This process, called H3 clipping, helps clear repressive signals at gene promoters, aiding in gene expression.

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Epigenetics
Yeast Genetics

Background:

Gene expression regulation involves dynamic changes in histone modifications at promoter regions.
Histone modifications play a crucial role in controlling access to DNA for transcription.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify novel mechanisms regulating histone modifications during gene expression.
To investigate the role of histone H3 tail modifications in yeast gene induction.

Main Methods:

Identification and characterization of a histone H3 endopeptidase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
In vivo analysis of histone H3 N-terminal clipping during gene transcription.
Genetic analysis using yeast mutants with altered histone H3 recognition sites.

Main Results:

A novel endopeptidase activity cleaves histone H3 after Ala21, preferentially targeting tails with repressive modifications.
Histone H3 N-terminal clipping occurs specifically at gene promoters upon transcriptional induction.
H3 clipping precedes histone eviction and is essential for proper gene induction, as demonstrated by defective induction in mutant yeast.

Conclusions:

Histone H3 tail clipping is a previously unrecognized modification of promoter-bound nucleosomes.
This process may facilitate gene expression by locally removing repressive epigenetic marks.
The identified endopeptidase activity represents a new regulatory point in gene induction pathways.